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| − | [[drive]] ([[French]]: ''[[Trieb]]'', ''[[pulsion]]'')
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| − | ==Sigmund Freud==
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| − | ===Drive and Sexuality===
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| − | [[Freud]]'s [[concept]] of the [[drive]] is central to his theory of [[human]] [[sexuality]].
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| − | For [[Freud]], the distinctive feature of [[human]] [[sexuality]] -- as opposed to the sexual life of other animals -- that that it is not regulated by any [[instinct]] -- a concept which implies a relatively fixed and innate relationship to an object) but by the [[drive]]s -- which differ from [[instinct]]s in that they are extremely vaiable, and develop in ways which are contingent on the life history of the subject.
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| − | [[Human]] [[sexuality]] consists of a number of [[partial drive]]s ([[German]]: ''[[Partieltrieb]]'') arising from the different [[erogenous zone]]s.
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| − | At first these component drives function anarchically and independently (the '[[polymorphous perversity]]' of [[children]]), but in [[puberty]] they become organised and fused together under the primacy of the [[genital organs]].<ref>[[Freud, Sigmund]]. 1905d</ref>
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| − | ==Drive and Instinct==
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| − | According to [[Freud]], [[human]] [[sexuality]] is not regulated by [[instinct]]s but by [[drive]]s.
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| − | [[Lacan]] follows [[Freud]]'s distinction between [[drive]] (''[[Trieb]]'' and [[instinct]] (''[[Instinkt]]'').<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref>
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| − | [[Instinct]]s are relatively fixed and innate.
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| − | [[Instinct]] denotes a [[myth]]ical pre-linguistic [[need]].
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| − | [[Drive]]s are variable, and develop in ways that are [[contingent]] on the [[life]] [[history]] of the [[subject]].
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| − | [[Drive]] is separate from the realm of [[biology]].
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| − | The [[drive]] does not refer to "some ultimate given, something archaic, primordial."<ref>{{S11}} p. 162</ref>
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| − | The [[drive]] is a thoroughly [[cultural]] and [[symbolic]] [[construct]].
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| − | ==Partial==
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| − | [[Lacan]] argues that the [[drive]]s are [[partial]].
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| − | The [[drive]]s are [[partial]] (in that they represent [[sexuality]] partially) (not in the sense that they are parts of a whole).
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| − | [[Drive]]s do not represent the [[reproductive]] function of [[sexuality]] (but only the dimension of [[enjoyment]]).<ref>{{S11}} p.204</ref>
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| − | [[Lacan]] rejects the idea that the [[partial drive]]s can ever attain any complete organisation or fusion.
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| − | [[Lacan]] identifies four partial [[drive]]s:
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| − | * the [[oral]] [[drive]]
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| − | * the [[anal]] [[drive]]
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| − | * the [[scopic]] [[drive]]
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| − | * the [[invocatory]] [[drive]]
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| − | Each of these [[drive]]s is specified by a different [[partial object]] and a different [[erogenous zone]].
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| − | [[Lacan]] emphasizes the [[partial]] nature of all [[drive]]s, but differs from [[Freud]] on two points.
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| − | ==Movement of the Drive==
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| − | The [[drive]] originates in an [[erogenous zone]], circles round the [[object]], and then returns to the [[erogenous zone]].
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| − | The [[drive]]s do not aim at an [[object]] but rather circle perpetually round it.
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| − | [[Lacan]] argues that the purpose of the [[drive]] is not to reach a goal (a final destination) but to follow its aim (the way itself), which is to circle round the [[object]].<ref>{{S11}} p.168</ref>
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| − | The function of the [[drive]] is not to attain full [[satisfaction]] but to return to its circular path.
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| − | The [[real]] source of [[enjoyment]] is the [[repetition|repetitive]] movement of this closed circuit.
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| − | ==Drive and Desire==
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| − | The [[drive]] is not merely another name for [[desire]]: they are the [[partial]] aspects in which [[desire]] is realised.
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| − | [[Desire]] is one and undivided, whereas the [[drive]]s are [[partial]] manifestations of [[desire]].
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| − | The circuit of the [[drive]] is the only way for the [[subject]] to [[transgress]] the [[pleasure principle]].
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| − | ==Dualism==
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| − | [[Freud]] conceived the dualism of the [[drive]]s in terms of an opposition between the [[life drive]]s (''[[Lebenstriebe]]'') ((both the [[pleasure principle]] and the [[reality principle]]) and the [[death drive]]s (''[[Todestriebe]]'').
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| − | [[Lacan]] retains the the basic dualism of [[Freud]]'s theory of the [[drive]]s (against the monism of [[Jung]], who argued that all [[psychic]] forces could be reduced to one single concept of [[psychic]] [[energy]]).<ref>{{S1}} l18-20).</ref>
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| − | [[Lacan]] prefers to reconceptualise this dualism in terms of an opposition between the [[symbolic]] and the [[imaginary]], and not in terms of an opposition between different kinds of [[drive]]s.
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| − | For [[Lacan]], all [[drive]]s are [[sexual]] [[drive]]s, and every [[drive]] is a [[death drive]].
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| − | Since every [[drive]] is excessive, [[repetitive]], and ultimately destructive.<ref>{{Ec}} p.848)</ref>
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| − | ==Formula==
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| − | In 1957, in the context of the [[graph of desire]], [[Lacan]] proposes the [[formula]] (SO D) as the [[matheme]] for the [[drive]].
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| − | This [[formula]] is to be read: the [[bar]]red [[subject]] in relation to [[demand]], the [[fading]] of the [[subject]] before the insistence of a [[demand]] that persists without any [[conscious]] [[intention]] to sustain it.
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| − | ==See Also==
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| − | * [[Desire]]
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| − | * [[Instinct]]
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| − | ==References==
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| − | <references/>
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| − | [[Category:Jacques Lacan]]
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| − | [[Category:Terms]]
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| − | [[Category:Concepts]]
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| − | [[Category:Dictionary]]
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| − | [[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
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