Difference between revisions of "Drive"

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drive (pulsion)              Freud's concept of the drive (Trieb) lies at the heart of
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{| align="[[right]]" style="margin-left:10px;line-height:2.0em;text-align:justify;background-color:#fcfcfc;border:1px solid #aaa"
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| [[French]]: ''[[pulsion]]''
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|-
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| [[German]]: ''[[Trieb{{Bottom}}
  
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his theory of sexuality. For Freud, the distinctive feature of human sexuality,
 
  
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  as opposed to the sexual life of other animals, is that it is not regulated by any
+
==Drive and Instinct==
 +
===Sigmund Freud===
 +
[[Freud]]'s [[concept]] of the [[drive]] is central to his [[theory]] of [[human]] [[sexuality]]; it lies at the heart of his theory of [[sexuality]].
  
−
  INSTINCT (a concept which implies a relatively fixed and innate relationship to
+
For [[Freud]], the distinctive feature of [[human]] [[sexuality]] -- as opposed to the [[sexual]] [[life]] of other animals -- is that it is not regulated by any [[instinct]] -- a concept which implies a relatively fixed and innate [[relationship]] to an [[object]] -- but by the [[drive]]s -- which differ from [[instinct]]s in that they are extremely variable, and develop in ways which are [[contingent]] on the life [[history]] of the [[subject]].
  
−
  an object) but by the drives, which differ from instincts in that they are
+
===Jacques Lacan===
 +
[[Lacan]] insists on maintaining the [[Freud]]ian [[distinction]] between [[drive]] and [[instinct]].<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref>
  
−
extremely variable, and develop in ways which are contingent on the life
+
Whereas [[instinct]] denotes a [[mythical]] [[linguistic|pre-linguistic]] [[need]], the [[drive]] is completely removed from the realm of [[biology]].
  
−
history of the subject.
+
====Aim of the Drive====
 +
The [[drive]]s differ from [[biological]] [[need]]s in that they can never be [[satisfied]], and do not aim at an [[object]] but rather circle perpetually round it.
  
−
      Lacan insists    on maintaining the Freudian distinction between Trieb
+
[[Lacan]] argues that the [[purpose]] of the [[drive]] (''[[Triebziel]]'') is not to reach a ''[[goal]]'' (a final destination) but to follow its ''aim'' (the way itself), which is to circle round the [[object]].<ref>{{S11}} p.168</ref>
  
−
('drive') and Instinkt ('instinct'), and criticises James Strachey for obliterat-
+
Thus the [[real]] purpose of the [[drive]] is not some mythical goal of [[full]] [[satisfaction]], but to [[return]] to its circular path, and [[The Real|the real]] source of [[enjoyment]] is the [[repetition|repetitive movement]] of this closed circuit.
  
−
ing this distinction by translating both terms as 'instinct' in the Standard
+
====Drive as Cultural and Symbolic Construct====
 +
[[Lacan]] reminds his readers that [[Freud]] defined the [[drive]] as a montage composed of four discontinuous elements: the pressure, the end, the object and the source.
  
−
Edition (E, 301). Whereas 'instinct' denotes a mythical pre-linguistic NEED,
+
The [[drive]] cannot therefore be conceived of as "some ultimate given, something archaic, primordial."<ref>{{S11}} p.162</ref>
  
−
the drive is completely removed from the realm of BIOLOGY. The drives differ
+
It is a thoroughly [[culture|cultural]] and [[symbolic]] [[construct]].
  
−
.from biological needs in that they can never be satisfied, and do not aim at an
+
[[Lacan]] thus empties the concept of the [[drive]] of the lingering references in [[Freud]]'s [[work]] to energetics and hydraulics.
  
−
object but rather circle perpetually round it. Lacan argues that the purpose of
 
  
−
-the drive (Triebziel) is not to reach a goal (a final destination) but to follow its
+
==The Circuit of the Drive==
 +
[[Lacan]] incorporates the four elements of the [[drive]] in his theory of the [[drive]]'s circuit.
  
−
aim (the way itself), which is to circle round the object (Sll, 168). Thus the
+
In this circut, the [[drive]] originates in an [[erogenous zone]].
  
−
real purpose of the drive is not some mythical goal of full satisfaction, but to
+
This circuit is [[structured]] by the [[three]] [[grammatical]] voices.
  
 +
# The [[active]] [[voice]] (e.g. to see)
  
 +
# The reflexive voice (e.g. to see oneself)
  
 +
# The [[passive]] voice (e.g. to be seen)
  
 +
===Activity and Passivity===
 +
The first of these two [[times]] (active and reflexive voices) are autoerotic; they [[lack]] a [[subject]].
  
−
return to its circular path, and the real source of enjoyment is the repetitive
+
Only in the [[third]] [[time]] (the passive voice), when the [[drive]] completes its circuit, does "a new subject" appear (which is to say that before this time, there was [[No Subject|no subject]]).
  
−
movement of this closed circuit.
+
Although the [[third time]] is the passive voice, the [[drive]] is always essentially active, which is why [[Lacan]] writes that the third time not as "to be seen" but as "to make oneself be seen."
  
−
    Lacan reminds his readers that Freud defined the drive             as   a montage
+
Even supposedly "passive" phases of the [[drive]] such as [[masochism]] involve [[activity]].<ref>{{S11}} p.200</ref>
  
−
composed of four discontinuous elements: the pressure, the end, the object
+
The circuit of the [[drive]] is the only way for the [[subject]] to [[transgress]] the [[pleasure principle]].
  
−
and the source. The drive cannot therefore be conceived of as 'some ultimate
 
  
−
given, something archaic, primordial' (Sll, 162); it is a thoroughly cultural
+
==The Partial Nature of the Drives==
 +
[[Freud]] argued that [[sexuality]] is composed of a [[number]] of [[drive|partial drives]] ([[Ger]]. ''[[drive|Partieltrieb]]'') such as the [[drive|oral drive]] and the [[drive|anal drive]], each specified by a different source (a different [[erotogenic]] zone).
  
−
and symbolic construct. Lacan thus empties the concept of the drive of the
+
At first these component [[drive]]s function anarchically and independently (viz. the "[[polymorphous perversity]]" of [[children]]), but in [[puberty]] they become organized and fused together under the priamcy of the [[genital]] organs.<ref>{{F}} p.1905d.</ref>
  
−
lingering references in Freud's work to energetics and hydraulics.
+
===Differences between Freud and Lacan===
 +
[[Lacan]] emphasizes the partial [[nature]] of all [[drive]]s, but differs from [[Freud]] on two points:
  
−
    Lacan incorporates the four elements of the drive in his theory of the drive's
+
# [[Lacan]] rejects the [[idea]] that the partial drives can ever attain any [[complete]] organization or fusion, aruging that the priamcy of the genital zone, if achieved, is always a highly precarious affair.
  
−
'circuit'. In this circuit, the drive originates in an erogenous zone, circles round      -
+
: He thus challenges the [[notion]], put forward by some [[psychoanalysts]] after [[Freud]], of a [[genital drive]] in which the partial drives are completely integrated in a [[harmonious]] relation.
  
−
the object, and then returns to the erogenous zone. This circuit is structured by      -
+
# [[Lacan]] argues that the [[drive]]s are partial, not in the [[sense]] that thy are parts of a [[whole]] (a 'genital drive'), but in the sense that they only [[represent]] sexuality partially; they do not represent the [[reproductive]] function of sexuality but only the [[dimension]] of enjoyment.<ref>{{S11}} p.204</ref>
  
−
the three grammatical voices
 
  
 +
===The Four Partial Drives===
 +
[[Lacan]] [[identifies]] four partial drives: the [[drive|oral drive]], the [[drive|anal drive]], the [[drive|scopic drive]], and the [[drive|invocatory drive]].
  
 +
Each of these [[drive]]s is specified by a different [[partial object]] and a different [[erogenous zone]].
  
−
    1    The active voice (e.g. to see)
+
The first two [[drive]]s relate to [[demand]], whereas the second pair relate to [[desire]].
  
−
    2    The reflexive voice (e.g. to see oneself)
+
{| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
 +
|+ '''[[:Image:Lacan-tablepartialdrives.jpg|Table of partial drives]]'''<BR>
 +
! align="center" |  !! align="center" | [[Partial drive|PARTIAL DRIVE]] !! align="center" | EROGENOUS ZONE !! align="center" | [[Partial Object|PARTIAL OBJECT]] !! align="center" | VERB
 +
|-
 +
| align="center" | D
 +
| align="center" | [[Oral]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Lips]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Breast]] || align="center" | To suck
 +
|-
 +
| align="center" | D
 +
| align="center" | [[Anal]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Anus]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Faeces]] || align="center" | To shit
 +
|-
 +
| align="center" | d
 +
| align="center" | [[Scopic]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Eyes]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Gaze]] || align="center" | To see
 +
|-
 +
| align="center" | d
 +
| align="center" | [[Invocatory]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Ears]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Voice]] || align="center" | To hear
 +
|}
  
−
    3    The passive voice (e.g. to be seen)
 
  
 +
==The Lacanian Matheme for the Drive==
 +
In 1957, in the context of the [[graph of desire]], [[Lacan]] proposes the [[formula]] ('''S <> D''') as the [[matheme]] for the [[drive]].
  
 +
This formula is to be read: the [[bar]]ed [[subject]] in relation to [[demand]], the [[fading]] of the [[subject]] before the [[insistence]] of a [[demand]] that persists without any [[conscious]] [[intention]] to sustain it.
  
−
    The first of these two times (active and reflexive voices) are autoerotic: they
 
  
−
lack a subject Only in the third time (the passive voice), when the drive               -
+
==The Dualism of the Drives==
 +
===Sigmund Freud: Life and Death===
 +
Throughout the various reformulations of drive-theory in [[Freud]]'s work, one constant feature is a basic [[dualism]].
  
−
completes its circuit, does 'a new subject' appear (which is to say that before
+
At first this dualism was conceived in [[terms]] of an opposition between the [[drive|sexual drive]]s (''[[drive|Sexualtriebe]]'') on the one hand, and the [[drive|ego-drive]]s (''[[drive|Ichtriebe]]'') or [[drive|drives of self-preservation]] (''[[drive|Selbsterhaltungstriebe]]'') on the other.
  
−
this time, there was no subject: see S11, 178). Although the third time is the         -
+
This opposition was problematized by [[Freud]]'s growing realization, in the period 1914-20, that the [[drive|ego-drive]]s are themselves sexual.
  
−
passive voice, the drive is always essentially active, which is why Lacan writes      -
+
He was thus led to reconceptualize the dualism of the [[drive]]s in terms of an opposition between the [[drive|life drive]]s (''[[drive|Lebenstriebe]]'') and the [[death drive]]s (''[[death drive|Todestriebe]]'').
  
−
the third time not as 'to be seen' but as 'to make oneself be seen'. Even                  -
+
===Jacques Lacan: Symbolic and Imaginary===
 +
[[Lacan]] argues that it is important to retain [[Freud]]'s dualism, and rejects the monism of [[Jung]], who argued that all [[psychic]] forces could be reduced to one single concept of psychic [[energy]].<ref>{{S1}} p.118-20</ref>
  
−
supposedly 'passive' phases of the drive such as masochism involve activity
+
However, [[Lacan]] prefers to reconceptualize this dualism in terms of an opposition between the [[symbolic]] and the [[imaginary]], and not in terms of an opposition between different kinds of [[drive]]s.
  
−
(Sll, 200). The circuit of the drive is the only way for the subject to transgress
+
Thus, for [[Lacan]], all [[drive]]s are [[drive|sexual drive]]s, and every [[drive]] is a [[death drive]] since every [[drive]] is excessive, [[repetition|repetitive]], and ultimately destructive.<ref>{{Ec}} p.848</ref>
  
−
the pleasure principle.
+
==Drive and Desire==
 +
The [[drive]]s are closely related to [[desire]]; both originate in the field of the [[subject]], as opposed to the [[drive|genital drive]], which (if it [[exists]]) finds its [[form]] on the side of the [[Other]].<ref>{{S11}} p.189</ref>
  
−
    Freud argued that sexuality is composed of a number of partial drives (Ger.
+
However, the [[drive]] is not merely [[another]] [[name]] for [[desire]]: they are the partial aspects in which [[desire]] is realized.
  
−
Partieltrieb) such as the oral drive and the anal drive, each specified by a
+
[[Desire]] is one and undivided, whereas the [[drive]]s are partial manifestations of [[desire]].
  
−
different source (a different erotogenic zone). At first these component drives
+
==See Also==
 +
{{See}}
 +
* [[Biology]]
 +
* [[Death drive]]
 +
* [[Demand]]
 +
||
 +
* [[Desire]]
 +
* [[Instinct]]
 +
* [[Need]]
 +
||
 +
* [[Pleasure principle]]
 +
* [[Sexuality]]
 +
* [[Subject]]
 +
{{Also}}
  
−
function anarchically and independently (viz. the 'polymorphous perversity' of
+
==References==
−
 
+
<div style="font-size:11px" class="references-small">
−
children), but in puberty they become organised and fused together under the
 
−
 
 
−
primacy of the genital organs (Freud, 1905d). Lacan emphasises the partial
 
−
 
 
−
nature of all drives, but differs from Freud on two points.
 
−
 
 
−
      1. .Lacan rejects the idea that the partial drives            can  ever attain any
 
−
 
 
−
complete organisation      or fusion, arguing that the primacy of the genital
 
−
 
 
−
zone, if achieved, is always a highly precarious affair. He thus challenges
 
−
 
 
−
the notion, put forward by some psychoanalysts after Freud, of a genital drive
 
−
 
 
−
in which the partial drives are completely integrated in a harmonious fashion.
 
−
 
 
−
      2.    Lacan argues that the drives are partial, not in the sense that they are
 
−
 
 
−
parts of a whole (a 'genital drive'), but in the sense that they only represent
 
−
 
 
−
sexuality partially; they do not represent the reproductive function of sexuality
 
−
 
 
−
but only the dimension of enjoyment (Sll, 204).
 
−
 
 
−
      Lacan identifies four partial drives: the oral drive, the anal drive, the scopic
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
                    PARTIAL                  EROGENOUS      PARTIAL            VERB
 
−
 
 
−
                    DRIVE                        ZONE                OBJECT
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
        D        Oral drive                    Lips                    Breast                  To suck
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
                    Anal drive                    Anus                    Faeces                To shit
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
        d          Scopic drive                Eyes                    Gaze                    To see
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
                    Invocatory drive          Ears                    Voice                  To hear
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
Figure 4        Table of partial drives
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
drive, and the invocatory drive. Each of these drives is specified by a different
 
−
 
 
−
partial object and a different erogenous zone, as shown in Figure 4.
 
−
 
 
−
      The first two drives relate to demand, whereas the second pair relate to
 
−
 
 
−
  desire.
 
−
 
 
−
      In 1957, in the context of the graph of desire, Lacan proposes the formula
 
−
 
 
−
(SO D) as the MATHEME for the drive. This formula is to be read: the barred
 
−
 
 
−
subject in relation to demand, the fading of the subject before the insistence of
 
−
 
 
−
  a demand that persists without any conscious intention to sustain it.
 
−
 
 
−
      Throughout the various reformulations of drive-theory in Freud's work, one
 
−
 
 
−
  constant feature is a basic dualism. At first this dualism was conceived in terms
 
−
 
 
−
  of an opposition between the sexual drives (Sexualtriebe) on the one hand, and
 
−
 
 
−
  the ego-drives (Ichtriebe)      or drives of self-preservation (Selbsterhaltungs-
 
−
 
 
−
triebe) on the other. This opposition was problematised by Freud's growing
 
−
 
 
−
realisation, in the period 1914-20, that the ego-drives are themselves sexual.
 
−
 
 
−
  He was thus led to reconceptualise the dualism of the drives in terms of an
 
−
 
 
−
opposition between the life drives (Lebenstriebe) and the death drives
 
−
 
 
−
(Todestriebe).
 
−
 
 
−
      Lacan argues that it is important to retain Freud's dualism, and rejects the
 
−
 
 
−
  monism of Jung, who argued that all psychic forces could be reduced to one
 
−
 
 
−
single concept of psychic energy (Sl, l18-20). However, Lacan prefers to
 
−
 
 
−
reconceptualise this dualism in terms of an opposition between the symbolic
 
−
 
 
−
  and the imaginary, and not in terms of an opposition between different kinds of
 
−
 
 
−
- drives. Thus, for Lacan, all drives are sexual drives, and every drive is a DEATH
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
- DRIVE Since every drive is excessive, repetitive, and ultimately destructive (Ec,
 
−
 
 
−
848).
 
−
 
 
−
      The drives are closely related tO DESIRE; both originate in the field of the
 
−
 
 
−
subject, as opposed to the genital drive, which (if it exists) finds its form on the
 
−
 
 
−
side of the Other (Sll, 189). However, the drive is not merely another name
 
−
 
 
−
for desire: they are the partial aspects in which desire is realised. Desire is one
 
−
 
 
−
and undivided, whereas the drives are partial manifestations of desire.
 
−
 
 
−
== def ==
 
−
 
 
−
Instinctual (pre-lingual) bodily impulses or instincts, which Freud ultimately decided could be reduced to two primary drives: 1) the life drives (both the pleasure principle and the reality principle); and 2) the death drive, which Freud saw as even more primal than the life drives.
 
−
 
 
−
== References ==
 
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
 +
</div>
  
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[[Category:Lacan]]
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[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
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[[Category:Jacques Lacan]]
 +
[[Category:Science]]
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[[Category:Real]]
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[[Category:Dictionary]]
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[[Category:Concepts]]
 
[[Category:Terms]]
 
[[Category:Terms]]
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[[Category:Concepts]]
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{{OK}}
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[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
+
 
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__NOTOC__

Latest revision as of 06:05, 24 May 2019

French: pulsion
German: Trieb


Drive and Instinct

Sigmund Freud

Freud's concept of the drive is central to his theory of human sexuality; it lies at the heart of his theory of sexuality.

For Freud, the distinctive feature of human sexuality -- as opposed to the sexual life of other animals -- is that it is not regulated by any instinct -- a concept which implies a relatively fixed and innate relationship to an object -- but by the drives -- which differ from instincts in that they are extremely variable, and develop in ways which are contingent on the life history of the subject.

Jacques Lacan

Lacan insists on maintaining the Freudian distinction between drive and instinct.[1]

Whereas instinct denotes a mythical pre-linguistic need, the drive is completely removed from the realm of biology.

Aim of the Drive

The drives differ from biological needs in that they can never be satisfied, and do not aim at an object but rather circle perpetually round it.

Lacan argues that the purpose of the drive (Triebziel) is not to reach a goal (a final destination) but to follow its aim (the way itself), which is to circle round the object.[2]

Thus the real purpose of the drive is not some mythical goal of full satisfaction, but to return to its circular path, and the real source of enjoyment is the repetitive movement of this closed circuit.

Drive as Cultural and Symbolic Construct

Lacan reminds his readers that Freud defined the drive as a montage composed of four discontinuous elements: the pressure, the end, the object and the source.

The drive cannot therefore be conceived of as "some ultimate given, something archaic, primordial."[3]

It is a thoroughly cultural and symbolic construct.

Lacan thus empties the concept of the drive of the lingering references in Freud's work to energetics and hydraulics.


The Circuit of the Drive

Lacan incorporates the four elements of the drive in his theory of the drive's circuit.

In this circut, the drive originates in an erogenous zone.

This circuit is structured by the three grammatical voices.

  1. The active voice (e.g. to see)
  1. The reflexive voice (e.g. to see oneself)
  1. The passive voice (e.g. to be seen)

Activity and Passivity

The first of these two times (active and reflexive voices) are autoerotic; they lack a subject.

Only in the third time (the passive voice), when the drive completes its circuit, does "a new subject" appear (which is to say that before this time, there was no subject).

Although the third time is the passive voice, the drive is always essentially active, which is why Lacan writes that the third time not as "to be seen" but as "to make oneself be seen."

Even supposedly "passive" phases of the drive such as masochism involve activity.[4]

The circuit of the drive is the only way for the subject to transgress the pleasure principle.


The Partial Nature of the Drives

Freud argued that sexuality is composed of a number of partial drives (Ger. Partieltrieb) such as the oral drive and the anal drive, each specified by a different source (a different erotogenic zone).

At first these component drives function anarchically and independently (viz. the "polymorphous perversity" of children), but in puberty they become organized and fused together under the priamcy of the genital organs.[5]

Differences between Freud and Lacan

Lacan emphasizes the partial nature of all drives, but differs from Freud on two points:

  1. Lacan rejects the idea that the partial drives can ever attain any complete organization or fusion, aruging that the priamcy of the genital zone, if achieved, is always a highly precarious affair.
He thus challenges the notion, put forward by some psychoanalysts after Freud, of a genital drive in which the partial drives are completely integrated in a harmonious relation.
  1. Lacan argues that the drives are partial, not in the sense that thy are parts of a whole (a 'genital drive'), but in the sense that they only represent sexuality partially; they do not represent the reproductive function of sexuality but only the dimension of enjoyment.[6]


The Four Partial Drives

Lacan identifies four partial drives: the oral drive, the anal drive, the scopic drive, and the invocatory drive.

Each of these drives is specified by a different partial object and a different erogenous zone.

The first two drives relate to demand, whereas the second pair relate to desire.

Table of partial drives
PARTIAL DRIVE EROGENOUS ZONE PARTIAL OBJECT VERB
D Oral drive Lips Breast To suck
D Anal drive Anus Faeces To shit
d Scopic drive Eyes Gaze To see
d Invocatory drive Ears Voice To hear


The Lacanian Matheme for the Drive

In 1957, in the context of the graph of desire, Lacan proposes the formula (S <> D) as the matheme for the drive.

This formula is to be read: the bared subject in relation to demand, the fading of the subject before the insistence of a demand that persists without any conscious intention to sustain it.


The Dualism of the Drives

Sigmund Freud: Life and Death

Throughout the various reformulations of drive-theory in Freud's work, one constant feature is a basic dualism.

At first this dualism was conceived in terms of an opposition between the sexual drives (Sexualtriebe) on the one hand, and the ego-drives (Ichtriebe) or drives of self-preservation (Selbsterhaltungstriebe) on the other.

This opposition was problematized by Freud's growing realization, in the period 1914-20, that the ego-drives are themselves sexual.

He was thus led to reconceptualize the dualism of the drives in terms of an opposition between the life drives (Lebenstriebe) and the death drives (Todestriebe).

Jacques Lacan: Symbolic and Imaginary

Lacan argues that it is important to retain Freud's dualism, and rejects the monism of Jung, who argued that all psychic forces could be reduced to one single concept of psychic energy.[7]

However, Lacan prefers to reconceptualize this dualism in terms of an opposition between the symbolic and the imaginary, and not in terms of an opposition between different kinds of drives.

Thus, for Lacan, all drives are sexual drives, and every drive is a death drive since every drive is excessive, repetitive, and ultimately destructive.[8]

Drive and Desire

The drives are closely related to desire; both originate in the field of the subject, as opposed to the genital drive, which (if it exists) finds its form on the side of the Other.[9]

However, the drive is not merely another name for desire: they are the partial aspects in which desire is realized.

Desire is one and undivided, whereas the drives are partial manifestations of desire.

See Also

References

  1. ↑ Lacan, Jacques. Écrits: A Selection. Trans. Alan Sheridan. London: Tavistock Publications, 1977. p.301
  2. ↑ Lacan, Jacques. The Seminar. Book XI. The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis, 1964. Trans. Alan Sheridan. London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1977. p.168
  3. ↑ Lacan, Jacques. The Seminar. Book XI. The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis, 1964. Trans. Alan Sheridan. London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1977. p.162
  4. ↑ Lacan, Jacques. The Seminar. Book XI. The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis, 1964. Trans. Alan Sheridan. London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1977. p.200
  5. ↑ Freud, Sigmund. p.1905d.
  6. ↑ Lacan, Jacques. The Seminar. Book XI. The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis, 1964. Trans. Alan Sheridan. London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1977. p.204
  7. ↑ Lacan, Jacques. The Seminar. Book I. Freud's Papers on Technique, 1953-54. Trans. John Forrester. New York: Nortion; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. p.118-20
  8. ↑ Lacan, Jacques. Écrits. Paris: Seuil, 1966. p.848
  9. ↑ Lacan, Jacques. The Seminar. Book XI. The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis, 1964. Trans. Alan Sheridan. London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1977. p.189


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