Difference between revisions of "Projection"

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{{Top}}[[project]]|projection{{Bottom}}
  
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=====Definition=====
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[[Projection]] is a [[defence|defence mechanism]] in which an [[internal]] [[desire]]/[[thought]]/[[feeling]] is [[displaced]] and located [[outside]] the [[subject]], in [[another]] [[subject]].
  
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The term is widely used in both [[psychoanalysis]] and [[clinical]] [[psychology]] to describe mechanisms that relocate elements of the [[psyche]] in the external world.
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In a general [[sense]], the term [[projection]] denotes an operation that consists in the [[displacement]] of something from one [[space]] to another, or from one part of a single space to another.  
  
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Cutting off what the [[superego]] perceives as "bad" aspects of oneself (e.g. weakness or [[homosexual]] desire) and [[projection|projecting]] [[them]] onto someone else "over there" where they can be condemned, punished, etc..
  
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In [[psychoanalysis]], [[projection]] is used to describe the process that enables the [[subject]] to expel feelings, qualities or [[object]]s it refuses to recognize in itelf.
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For example a person who has been (or who feels) unfaithful to his partner may [[defend]] himself against [[feeling]]s of [[guilt]] by accusing the partner of [[being]] unfaithful.
  
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[[Projection] makes them appear to be external objects rather than internal parts of the [[psyche]].
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=====Sigmund Freud=====
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[[Freud]] and many [[other]] [[psychoanalyst]]s use the term "[[projection]]" to describe a [[defence|mechanism]] which is [[present]] (to differing degrees) in both [[psychosis]] and [[neurosis]].
  
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For [[Freud]], [[projection]] is not a purely pathological phenomenon, but a normal feature of, for example, superstitution and religious beliefs; demons and ghosts are [[projection]]s of "evil" [[unconscious]] [[desire]]s and impulses.
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=====Jacques Lacan=====
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[[Lacan]] understands the term "[[projection]]" as a purely [[neurosis|neurotic]] [[defence|mechanism]] and distinguishes it clearly from the apparently similar phenomenon that occurs in [[psychosis]] (which [[Lacan]] calls [[foreclosure]]).  
  
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In so-called projective jealousy, the [[subject]] wards off his [[desire]] to be unfaithful by projecing jealousy onto his partner, and thus deflects attention away from his own [[unconscious]] [[desire]].<ref>Freud. 1922b.</ref>
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Whereas [[projection]] is rooted in the [[imaginary]] [[dual relation]]ship between the [[ego]] and the [[counterpart]],<ref>{{S3}} p. 145</ref> [[foreclosure]] goes beyond the [[imaginary]] and instead involves a [[signifier]] which is not incorporated in the [[symbolic]].
  
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[[Projection]] is an important aspect of [[paranoia]], and [[Freud]]'s clearest descriptions of the phenomenon come from his account of the Schreber case.<ref>1911b</ref>
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=====Introjection=====
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[[Lacan]] also rejects the view that [[introjection]] is the [[inversion|inverse]] of [[projection]], arguing that these two [[processes]] are located on quite different levels.  
  
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The statement "I hate him" is transformed by [[projection]] into the statement "He hates me and is persecuting me."
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Whereas [[projection]] is an [[imaginary]] [[defence|mechanism]], [[introjection]] is a [[symbolic]] [[process]].<ref>{{Ec}} p. 655</ref>
  
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The [[paranoiac]]'s initial impulse to hate can thus be justified as a rational defence against [[aggression]].
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=====See Also=====
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{{See}}
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* [[Counterpart]]
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* [[Defence]]
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* [[Dual relation]]
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* [[Ego]]
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* [[Foreclosure]]
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* [[Imaginary]]
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* [[Introjection]]
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* [[Introversion]]
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* [[Neurosis]]
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* [[Psychosis]]
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* [[Subject]]
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* [[Symbolic]]
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{{Also}}
  
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According to [[Anna Freud]] (1936), [[projection]] is one of the [[ego]]'s [[defence mechanism]]s.
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=====References=====
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<references/>
  
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The [[projection]] of hatred characteristic of [[paranoia]] relieves, that is, the [[ego]] from the guilt it feels over its hatred of an [[object]].
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[[Category:Sigmund Freud]]
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[[Category:Freudian psychology]]
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{{OK}}
  
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[[Anna Freud]] thus assumes that the [[ego]] already knows the difference between "inside" and "outside."
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__NOTOC__
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The mechanism of [[projection]] is basic to the play-therapy technique developed by [[Klein]]: it allows the child to act out internal conflicts by projecting them onto the toys it has been given.
 
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In psychoanalytic terms, [[projection]] is the antithesis of [[introjection]].
 
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In [[clinical]] [[psychology]], projective tests such as Rorschach tests are used to diagnose personality types.
 
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The [[patient]] is given an unstructured set of stimuli, such as visual iamges, that cna trigger a wide range of responses.
 
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A correct interpretation of the stimuli is an indication of [[adaptation]] to reality; [[analysis]] of the [[fantasies]] and emotional responses that are simultaneously projected provides insight into the individual personality of the [[patient]].
 
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The underlying thesis is that an individual's response to the outside world is governed by the state and the structure of his or her inner world.
 

Latest revision as of 21:26, 20 May 2019

French: [[project|projection]]
Definition

Projection is a defence mechanism in which an internal desire/thought/feeling is displaced and located outside the subject, in another subject.

In a general sense, the term projection denotes an operation that consists in the displacement of something from one space to another, or from one part of a single space to another.

Cutting off what the superego perceives as "bad" aspects of oneself (e.g. weakness or homosexual desire) and projecting them onto someone else "over there" where they can be condemned, punished, etc..

For example a person who has been (or who feels) unfaithful to his partner may defend himself against feelings of guilt by accusing the partner of being unfaithful.

Sigmund Freud

Freud and many other psychoanalysts use the term "projection" to describe a mechanism which is present (to differing degrees) in both psychosis and neurosis.

Jacques Lacan

Lacan understands the term "projection" as a purely neurotic mechanism and distinguishes it clearly from the apparently similar phenomenon that occurs in psychosis (which Lacan calls foreclosure).

Whereas projection is rooted in the imaginary dual relationship between the ego and the counterpart,[1] foreclosure goes beyond the imaginary and instead involves a signifier which is not incorporated in the symbolic.

Introjection

Lacan also rejects the view that introjection is the inverse of projection, arguing that these two processes are located on quite different levels.

Whereas projection is an imaginary mechanism, introjection is a symbolic process.[2]

See Also
References
  1. ↑ Lacan, Jacques. The Seminar. Book III. The Psychoses, 1955-56. Trans. Russell Grigg. London: Routledge, 1993. p. 145
  2. ↑ Lacan, Jacques. Écrits. Paris: Seuil, 1966. p. 655


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