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Resistance

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{{Top}}résistance{{Bottom}}
---=====Sigmund Freud=====[[Freud]] first used the term "[[resistance]]" to designate the unwillingness to [[recall]] [[repressed]] [[memories]] to [[consciousness]].
=====Treatment=====Since [[Freudpsychoanalytic treatment]] first used the term 'involves precisely such [[resistancerecollection]]' , the term soon came to designate denote all those obstacles that arise during the unwillingness to [[recall]] [[repressedtreatment]] and interrupt its [[memories]] to [[consciousnessprogress]]. :
Since [[psychoanalytic treatment]] involves precisely such [[recollection]], the term soon came to denote all those obstacles that arise during the [[treatment]] and interrupt its [[progress]]: <blockquote>"Whatever disturbs the progress of the work isa resistance."<ref>{{F}} ''[[Works of Sigmund Freud|The Interpretation of Dreams]]'', 1900a: . [[SE ]] IV-V, 517</ref></blockquote>
[[Resistance]] manifests itself in all the ways in which the [[subject]] breaks the '"[[fundamental rule]]' " of saying everything that comes into his mind. ---
=====Psychoanalytic Theory=====
Though present in [[Freud]]'s work from the beginning, the concept of [[resistance]] began to play an increasingly important part in [[psychoanalytic theory]] as a result of the decreasing efficacy of [[analytic treatment]] in the decade 1910-20.
As a consequence of this, [[ego-psychology]] placed increasing importance on overcoming the [[patient]]'s [[resistance]]s.
==Jacques ===Lacan's Criticism=====[[Lacan]] is very critical of this shift in emphasis, arguing that it easily leads to an '"inquisitorial' " style of [[psychoanalysis ]] which sees [[resistance ]] as based on the '"fundamental ill will' " of the patient.<ref>{{S1}} p.30</ref>
[[Lacan]] argues that this overlooks the structural nature of
resistatice [[resistance]] and reduces analysis to an [[imaginary ]] [[dual relation ]].<ref>{{E}} p.78; {{Ec}} p.333ff</ref>
[[Lacan]] does accept that [[psychoanalytic treatment]] involves "analysis of resistances," but only on condition that this phrase is understood correctly, in the sense of "knowing at what level the answer should be pitched."<ref>{{S2}} p.43</ref>
In other words, the crucial thing is that the [[analyst]] should be able to distinguish between interventions that are primarily orientated towards the [[imaginary]] and those that are orientated towards the [[symbolic]], and know which are appropriate at each moment of the [[treatment]].
---=====Structural Resistance=====
In [[Lacan]]'s view, [[resistance]] is not a question of the ill will of the [[analysand]]; [[resistance]] is [[structural]], and it is inherent in the [[analytic process]].
This is due, ultimately, to a [[structural]] "incompatibility between desire and speech."<ref>{{E}} p.275</ref>
Therefore there is a certain irreducible level of [[resistance]] which can never be '"overcome'".
<blockquote>"After the reduction of the [[resistance]]s, there is a residue which may be what is essential."<ref>{{S2}} p.321</ref> </blockquote>
=====Suggestion=====This irreducible '"residue' " of [[resistance]] is '"essential' " because it is the respect for this residue that distinguishes [[psychoanalysis ]] from [[suggestion]].
[[Psychoanalysis]] respects the right of the [[patient]] to resist [[suggestion]] and indeed values that [[resistance]].
<blockquote>"When the [[subject]]'s [[resistance]] opposes [[suggestion]], it is only a [[desire]] to maintain the [[subject]]'s [[desire]]. As such it would have to be placed in the ranks of positive [[transference]]."<ref>{{E}} p.271</ref></blockquote>
---=====Analyst and Analysand=====However, [[Lacan]] points out that while the [[analyst]] cannot, and should not try to, overcome all [[resistance]], he can minimise it, or at least avoid exacerbating it.<ref>{{S2}} p.228</ref>
He can do this by recognising recognizing his own part in the [[analysand]]'s [[resistance]], for "there is no other [[resistance]] to [[analysis]] than that of the [[analyst]] himself."<ref>{{E}} p.235</ref>
This is to be understood in two ways:
==One===Lure=====
The [[resistance]] of the [[analysand]] can only succeed in obstructing the [[treatment]] when it responds to and/or evokes a [[resistance]] on the part of the [[analyst]], i.e. when the [[analyst]] is drawn into the [[lure]] of [[resistance]] (as [[Freud]] was drawn into the [[lure]] of [[Dora]]'s [[resistance]]).
<blockquote>"The patient's resistance is always your own, and when a resistance succeeds it is because you [the analyst] are in it up to your neck, because you understand."<ref>{{S3}} p.48</ref></blockquote>
Thus the [[analyst]] must follow the rule of neutrality and not be drawn into the [[lures]] set for him by the [[patient]].
==Two===Interpretation=====
It is the [[analyst]] who provokes [[resistance]] by pushing the [[analysand]]:
<blockquote>"There is no resistance on the part of the subject."<ref>{{S2}} p.228</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>"[[Resistance]] is the present state of an [[interpretation]] of the [[subject]]. It is the manner in which, at the same time, the subject interprets the point he's got to. ... It simply means that he [the patient] cannot move any faster."<ref>{{S2}} p.228</ref></blockquote>
[[Psychoanalytic treatment]] works on the principle that by not forcing the [[patient]], [[resistance]] is reduced to the irreducible minimum.
Thus the [[analyst]] must avoid all forms of [[suggestion]].
----=====Ego=====
The source of [[resistance]] lies in the [[ego]]:
<blockquote>"In the strict sense, the [[subject]]'s [[resistance]] is linked to the [[register]] of the [[ego]], it is an effect of the [[ego]]."<ref>{{S2}} p.127</ref></blockquote>
=====Imaginary Order=====
Thus [[resistance]] belongs to the [[imaginary]] [[order]], not to the level of the [[subject]].
<blockquote>"On the side of what is [[repressed]], on the [[unconscious]] side of things, there is no [[resistance]], there is only a tendency to [[repeat]]."<ref>{{S2}} p.321</ref> </blockquote>
This is illustrated in [[schema L]]; [[resistance ]] is the [[imaginary ]] axis '''a-a'''' which impedes the insistant [[speech ]] of the [[Other ]] (which is the axis ''A-S'').
The [[resistance]]s of the [[ego]] are [[imaginary]] [[lures]], which the [[analyst]] must be wary of being [[deceived]] by.<ref>{{E}} p.168</ref>
Thus it can never be the [[aim]] of [[analysis]] to "strengthen the [[ego]]," as [[ego-psychology]] claims, since this would only serve to increase [[resistance]].
=====Ego---psychology==========Resistance and Defence=====[[Lacan]] also criticises criticizes [[ego-psychology]] for confusing the concept of [[resistance]] with that of [[defense]].
However, the distinction which [[Lacan]] draws between these two concepts is rather different from the way in which they are distinguished in Anglo-American [[psychoanalysis]].
==See Also==
{{See}}
* [[Analysand]]
* [[Defence]]
* [[Ego]]
||
* [[Ego-psychology]]
* [[Lure]]
* [[Psychoanalysis]]
||
* [[Repression]]
* [[Structure]]
* [[Subject]]
||
* [[Suggestion]]
* [[Treatment]]
* [[Unconscious]]
{{Also}}
==References==
[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
{{OK}}
 
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