Changes

[[Image{| style="line-height:Sem32.jpg0em;width:100%;text-align:justify;border-spacing:8px;"|325pxstyle="width:100%;border:0px solid #cccccc;background-color:#ffffff;vertical-align:top"|{| width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:justify;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff"|-|style="text-align:justify;color:#000;line-height:2.5em;align:justify;"|right]]{| align="center" style="width:250px; border:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left; line-height:2.0em; padding-left:10px;"

1955-1956=====Psychosis=====<b>Le séminaire, Livre III: Les psychoses</b>'''[[Psychosis]]'' is one of three '''[[structure|clinical structures]]'''. The other two are '''[[neurosis]]''' and ''[[perversion]]''.<br>French Each [[structure]] is distinguished by a different operation: (texte établi par Jacques-Alain Miller)[[neurosis]] by the operation of [[repression]], Paris: Seuil[[perversion]] by the operation of [[disavowal]], 1981and [[psychosis]] by the operation of '''[[foreclosure]]'''.<br>English: <b>Book III: The Psychoses.</b> (edited by Jacques By way of [[foreclosure]] of the [[signifier]] of the [[Name-of-the-Alain Miller), New York: Norton, 1993Father]] it is possible to understand [[psychosis]] and distinguish it from [[neurosis]].

Psychosis is one of the three clinical structures, the one defined by foreclosure. The other two are neurosis and perversion. By way of forclosure of the signifier of the Name-of-the-Father it is possible to understand psychosis and distinguish it from neurosis. =====Foreclosure====='''[[Foreclosure ]]''' corresponds to [[Lacan]]'s translation of <i>''[[Verwerfung</i> ]]'' ([[repudiaton]]). The [[Name-of-the-Father ]] is not integrated in the [[symbolic ]] [[order ]] of the [[psychotic]], it is [[foreclosed]]: a [[hole ]] is left in the [[symbolic ]] [[chain]]. In [[psychosis ]] "the unconscious is present but not functioning." The [[psychotic ]] [[structure ]] results from a malfunction of the [[Oedipus complex]], a [[lack ]] in the [[paternal function]]: the [[paternal function ]] is reduced to the [[image ]] of the [[father ]] (the [[symbolic ]] reduced to the [[imaginary]]).<br>

== Symbolic Order ==Two conditions are required for [[psychosis ]] to emerge: # the [[subject ]] has a [[psychotic ]] [[structure ]] (inheritance) and # the [[Name-of-the-Father ]] is called into [[symbolic ]] opposition to the [[subject]]. When both conditions are fulfilled, psychosis is actualized; the latent psychosis becomes manifest in hallucinations and/or delusions. For Lacan psychosis includes paranoia (Papin sisters), so he bases his arguments on the Schreber case (as related by Freud). He argues that Schreber's psychosis was activated by both his failure to produce a child and his election to an important position in the judiciary. These experiences confronted him with the question of paternity in the real - called the Name-of-the-Father into symbolic opposition with the subject. The Name-of the Father is the fundamental signifier which permits signification to proceed normally. It both confers identity on the subject (naming and positioning it within the symbolic order) and signifies the Oedipical prohibition. When forclosed, it is not included in the symbolic order.<br>Lacan rejects the approach of limiting the analysis of psychosis to the imaginary: "nothing is to be expected from the way psychosis is explored at the level of the imaginary, since the imaginary mechanism is what gives psychotic alienation its form, but not its dynamics." Only by focusing on the symbolic are we able to point to the fundamental determining element of psychosis: the hole in the symbolic order caused by foreclosure and the consequent imprisonment of the psychotic subject in the imaginary. "The importance given to language phenomena in psychosis is for us the most fruitful lesson of all."<br>The Saussurian opposition between signifier and signified leads to the radical separation of the two chains, until they are tied through anchoring points, <i>points de capiton</i>. These are points at which "signifier and signified are knotted together." Despite the continual slippage of the signified under the signifier, there are nevertheless in the neurotic subject certain points of attachment between signifier and signified where the slippage is temporarily halted. A certain number of these points "are necessary for a person to be called normal" and "when they are not established or when they give way" the result is psychosis. In the psychotic experience "the signifier and the signified present themselves in a completely divided form." Thus the language phenomena most notable in psychosis are disorders of language: the presence of such disorders is a necessary condition for its diagnosis: holophrases and the extensive use of neologisms (new words or already existing ones which the psychotic redefines). These language disorders are due to the psychotic's lack of a sufficient number of anchoring points: the psychotic experience is characterized by a constant slippage of the signifier under the signified, which is a disaster for signification. Later, Lacan will posit that there is a continual "cascade of reshapings of the signifier from which the increasing disaster of the imaginary proceeds, until the level is reached at which signifier and signified are stabilized in the delusional metaphor." Thus "the nucleus of psychosis has to be linked to a rapport between the subject and the signifier in its most formal dimension, in its dimension as pure signifier. If the neurotic inhabits language, the psychotic is inhabited, possessed by language.</font></p><p><font face="BOOKMAN" size="3">"On a question preliminary to any possible treatment of psychosis" (<i>Écrits: A Selection</i>) is a text written in 1958 and contemporary with <i>Les formations de l'inconscient</i>; it is a synthesis of <i>Les psychoses</i> and focuses mainly on the term foreclosure, <i>forclusion</i>, German <i>Verwerfung</i>.<br>

When both conditions are fulfilled, [[psychosis]] is actualized; the latent [[psychosis]] becomes manifest in [[hallucinations]] and/or [[delusions]]. For [[Lacan]] [[psychosis]] includes [[paranoia]] (Papin sisters), so he bases his arguments on the [[Schreber case]] (as related by [[Freud]]). He argues that [[Schreber]]'s [[psychosis]] was activated by both his failure to produce a [[child]] and his election to an important position in the judiciary. These experiences confronted him with the question of paternity in the [[real]]- called the [[Name-of-the-Father]] into [[symbolic]] opposition with the [[subject]]. The [[Name of the Father]] is the [[fundamental signifier]] which permits [[signification]] to proceed normally. It both confers [[identity]] on the [[subject]] (naming and positioning it within the [[symbolic]] [[order]]) and signifies the Oedipical [[prohibition]]. When [[foreclosed]], it is not included in the [[symbolic]] [[order]]. [[Lacan]] rejects the approach of limiting the [[analysis]] of [[psychosis]] to the [[imaginary]]: "nothing is to be expected from the way psychosis is explored at the level of the imaginary, since the imaginary mechanism is what gives psychotic alienation its form, but not its dynamics." Only by focusing on the [[symbolic]] are we able to point to the fundamental determining element of [[psychosis]]: the [[hole]] in the [[symbolic]] [[order]] caused by [[foreclosure]] and the consequent imprisonment of the [[psychotic]] [[subject]] in the [[imaginary]]. "The importance given to language phenomena in psychosis is for us the most fruitful lesson of all." == Point de Caption ==The [[Saussurian]] opposition between [[signifier]] and [[signified]] leads to the radical separation of the two [[chain]]s, until they are tied through anchoring points, ''[[points de caption]]''. These are points at which "signifier and signified are knotted together." Despite the continual [[slip]]page of the [[signified]] under the [[signifier]], there are nevertheless in the [[neurotic]] [[subject]] certain points of attachment between [[signifier]] and [[signified]] where the [[slip]]page is temporarily halted. A certain number of these points "are necessary for a person to be called normal" and "when they are not established or when they give way" the result is [[psychosis]]. In the psychotic experience "the signifier and the signified present themselves in a completely divided form."  == Language ==Thus the phenomena most notable in [[psychosis]] are disorders of [[language]]: the presence of such disorders is a necessary condition for its diagnosis: holophrases and the extensive use of neologisms (new words or already existing ones which the [[psychotic]] redefines). These language disorders are due to the [[psychotic]]'s [[lack]] of a sufficient number of anchoring points: the psychotic experience is characterized by a constant [[slip]]page of the [[signifier]] under the [[signified]], which is a disaster for [[signification]]. Later, [[Lacan]] will posit that there is a continual "cascade of reshapings of the signifier from which the increasing disaster of the imaginary proceeds, until the level is reached at which signifier and signified are stabilized in the delusional metaphor." Thus "the nucleus of psychosis has to be linked to a rapport between the subject and the signifier in its most formal dimension, in its dimension as pure signifier. If the neurotic inhabits language, the psychotic is inhabited, possessed by language." "On a question preliminary to any possible treatment of psychosis" (‘’Écrits: A Selection’’) is a text written in 1958 and contemporary with ‘’Les formations de l'inconscient’’; it is a synthesis of ‘’Les psychoses’’ and focuses mainly on the term [[foreclosure]], ‘’forclusion’’, German ‘’Verwerfung’’. In the [[Schema L ]] "...the condition of the subject S (neurosis or psychosis) is dependent on what is being unfolded in the Other O. What is being unfolded is articulated like a discourse ([[the unconscious is the discourse of the Other]])."

In the Schema R: "...I as the ego-ideal, M as the signifier of the primordial object, and F as the position in O of the Name-of-the-Father. One can see how the homological fastening of the signification of S under the signifier of the phallus may affect the support of the field of reality delimited by the quadrangle MieI. The two other summits, e and i, represent the two imaginary terms of the narcissistic rapport, the ego and the specular image."

This schema articulates the [[imaginary ]] triad with the [[symbolic ]] triad, both of which cut the quadrangle of [[reality]]. The term '[[reality]]' is ambiguous in that it designates both our rapport to the world and our rapport to the [[Real ]] as inaccessible. [[Schema R ]] is elaborated in terms of a particular form of [[psychosis ]] ([[Schreber]]). Later, <i>‘’[[Kant avec Sade</i> ]]’’ (1962) will develop the [[perverse ]] version as [[Lacan ]] is concerned with creating the formal bases for his theory before addressing the problems of the [[treatment ]] of [[psychosis]].<br>The preliminary question seems to be the one of the [[Other]], whose presence commands everything else. It is the place from which the [[subject ]] is confronted with the question of its [[existence ]] ([[sexuation ]] and [[death]]). What is the [[Other]]? Is it the [[unconscious ]] where "it speaks?" Is it the place of [[memory ]] that conditions the indestructibility of certain desires[[desire]]s? Is it the place where the [[signifier ]] of signifiers [[signifier]]s is the [[phallus]]? Is it the place symbolized [[symbolize]]d by the [[Name-of-the-Father ]] since "the [[Oedipus complex ]] is consubstantial with the [[unconscious]]? When the [[paternal metaphor ]] does not allow the [[subject ]] to evoke the [[signification ]] of the [[phallus]], when the response to the call of the [[Name-of-the-Father ]] is a [[lack ]] of the [[signifier ]] itself, then it is a case of [[psychosis]].<br> "This applies to the metaphor of the Name-of-the-Father, that is, the metaphor that puts this Name in the place that was first symbolized by the operation of the mother's absence." It designates the metaphorical[[metaphor]]ical, [[substitutive]], character of the [[Oedipus complex]].<br><br>

It is the fundamental [[metaphor ]] on which all [[signification ]] depends: thus all [[signification ]] is [[phallus|phallic]]. If the [[Name-of-the-Father ]] is [[foreclosed ]] ([[psychosis]]), there can be no [[paternal metaphor ]] and no [[phallic ]] [[signification]].</font>

|style="width:100%;border-left:0px solid #cccccc;background-color:#ffffff;vertical-align:top;color:#000"|{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="text-align:justify;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff"|-|style="color:#000;line-height:2em;width:100%;";|{| class="wikitable" width="100%200px" cellpadding="40" border="0" cellspacing="40" align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="line-height:2.0em; padding-left:30px0px; background:#ffffff; text-align:center;"|-| align="center"| [[Image:Sem.III.jpg|200px|center]]

| bgcolor}{| class="#ffffffwikitable" width="225px200px" cellpadding="0" stylecellspacing="0" align="padding-left:10pxcenter" | [[{{Y}}|Date]]| bgcolor="#ffffff" width="75px" style="line-height:2.0em; padding-left:10px60px; background:#ffffff; text-align:center;" | [[{{Y}}|PDF]]|

| colspanbgcolor="4#ffffff" width="150px" style="textpadding-alignleft:center10px" | [[{{Y}}|Date]]| bgcolor=" #ffffff" width="50px" style="padding-left:10px" | [[{{Y}}| Introduction a la question des psychosesPDF]]

|-|}<!-- Start of right-column -->|}__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__