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In [[psychoanalytic theory]], a [[bungled action]] such as a [[slip of the tongue]] whose [[goal ]] is not achieved and which is replaced by [[another]].
Like [[symptom]]s, [[parapraxes]] are [[interpret]]ed by [[Freud]] as [[compromise formation]]s resulting from a [[conflict]] between [[conscious]] [[intentions]] and [[repressed]] [[feeling]]s or impulses.
A [[parapraxis]] is an [[act]] that appears to be [[unintentional]] but can be [[understood]], through [[psychoanalytic]] exploration, to be perfectly motivated and [[unconscious]]ly determined.
A brief and delimited [[disturbance]] that may be spontaneously explained as the result of chance or inattention, a [[parapraxis]] may be readily perceived by its initiator or by a [[third ]] party to be a "mistake."
[[Parapraxes]] include a wide range of events, including failures of [[memory]], slips of the tongue or pen, [[mistake]]s, and [[bungled]] or accidental [[acts]].
A [[parapraxis]] cannot be explained by referring to the [[nature ]] of the "[[slip]]" itself, but [[psychoanalytic]] hypotheses make it possible for it to be described simultaneously as a [[mistake]] and not a [[mistake]], depending on one's point of view.
[[Parapraxes]] interested [[Freud]] as early as 1890.
In letters to [[Wilhelm Fliess]], he created a [[virtual ]] collection of examples communicated to him by correspondents.
[[Parapraxes]] represented, in fact, an important demonstration of [[disturbance]]s created by the [[unconscious]].
As opposed to [[dream]]s, [[parapraxes]] tend to require fewer biographical details while providing valuable evidence—indeed, often with comical effect—that offers a popular audience an easy way to grasp [[psychoanalysis]].
Furthermore, [[parapraxes]] constitute one of the pillars of the [[psychopathology]] of everyday [[life]], which [[Freud]] considered necessary to [[understand ]] [[mental]] [[pathology]] in a broader context.
[[Freud]] discusses [[parapraxes]] in two of his major works: [[Psychopathology of Everyday Life]] (1901) and [[Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis]] (1915-17).
Beyond the anecdotal nature of many of the examples in these two works, [[parapraxes]] clearly raise an issue fundamental for [[psychoanalytic]] [[thought]]—namely, the link between [[psychic]] [[determinism]] and the [[unconscious]].
[[Freud]] was led to clarify his [[position ]] toward the [[notion ]] of "chance" as differentiated from [[superstition]]:
<blockquote>"I do not believe that an event in whose occurrence my mental life plays no part can teach me any hidden [[thing ]] [[about ]] the [[future ]] shape of [[reality]]; but I believe that an unintentional manifestation of my own mental [[activity ]] does on the [[other ]] hand disclose something hidden, though again it is something that belongs only to my mental life [not to [[external ]] reality]. I believe in external ([[real]]) chance, it is [[true]], but not in [[internal ]] ([[psychical]]) accidental events."<ref>Freud, 1901b, p328</ref></blockquote>
The link between [[parapraxes]] and [[psychopathology]], moreover, is established, according to [[Freud]], uniquely through the fact that, in the [[case ]] of [[chance]] [[event]]s in a real [[world]], "slips" involve the most insignificant [[psychic]] [[event]]s.
By contrast, [[neurotic]] [[symptom]]s are related to the most important [[psychic]] functions from both [[individual]] and [[social]] perspectives.
In both instances, however, the same [[processes ]] enable such [[symptom]]s to be understood, that is, as compromise [[formation]]s located between [[desire]] and [[defense]], between a [[subject]]'s [[conscious]] [[intention]] and [[repression]].
==Lapsus==
Fault made by inadvertency consisting in substituting a [[word ]] for that which one wanted to say or write.
==References==
<references/>
* [[Freud, Sigmund]]. (1901b). The psychopathology of everyday life. SE,6.* ——. (1916-17a[1915-17]). Introductory lectures on [[psycho]]-[[analysis]]. SE, 15-16.
* Topique. (1997).
