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The [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]] ([[International Psycho-Analytical Association|IPA]]) was founded by [[Freud]] in 1910 as an umbrella group for the various [[schools|psychoanalytic societies]] that were springing up around the world at that time. The first headquarters were in [[{{G}}|Zurich]], and later moved to [[{{G}}|London]], but the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association|Association]] has been dominated by its [[American]] members ever since the [[{{Y}}|1930s]], when most of the [[{{G}}|Viennese]] [[analyst]]s emigrated to the [[{{G}}|United States]].

After resigning from the [[IPA]]-affiliated [[Société Psychanalytique de Paris]] ([[SPP]]) in 1953, to join the newly founded [[Société Française de Psychanalyse]] ([[SFP]]), [[Lacan]] was informed by letter that this also meant that he was no longer a member of the [[IPA]].

From that moment on until his death, [[Lacan]] and the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association|IPA]] were at loggerheads. During the [[SFP]]'s subsequent campaign for [[International Psycho-Analytical Association|IPA]] member­ship (which [[Lacan]] seems to have supported) [[Lacan]] was regarded by the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association|IPA]] as the principal obstacle blocking negotiations. The main bone of contention was [[Lacan]]'s use of [[treatment|sessions of variable duration]], which he continued to practise despite repeated [[International Psycho-Analytical Association|IPA]] admonitions.

In [[{{Y}}|1963]] [[Lacan]] was expelled from the [[IPA]]. Eventually, in 1963, the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association|IPA]] agreed to grant membership to the [[SFP]] on condition that [[Lacan]] be stripped of his status as a [[training|training analyst]]. Many of the leading analysts in the [[SFP]] agreed, but to many others (including [[Lacan]]) this was unacceptable. [[Lacan]] resigned from the [[SFP]] and, followed by a number of other analysts and trainees, founded his own [[school]] in 1964. From this point on, [[Lacan]] became much more vocal in his criticism of the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association|IPA]], accusing it of being a kind of [[religion|church]] and comparing his own fate to [[Spinoza]]'s "[[International Psycho-Analytical Association|excommunication]]" from the synagogue.<ref>{{S11}} p. 3-4</ref>

[[Lacan]] criticized both the [[structure|institutional structure]] and the dominant theoretical tendencies of the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association|IPA]].

As regards the [[structure|institutional structure]], he accused its bureaucratic procedures of producing nothing but mediocrities, and mocked its stuffy hierarchies.<ref>{{Ec}} p. 474-86</ref>

The [[school|specific organisational structures]] on which [[Lacan]] organized his own [[school]], such as the [[cartel]] and the [[pass]], were aimed at ensuring that this [[school]] did not repeat these errors of the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association|IPA]].

On a theoretical level, [[Lacan]] levelled various criticisms at all the main theoretical tendencies in the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association|IPA]], including [[Kleinian psychoanalysis]] and [object-relations theory]], but his most sustained and profound criticisms were reserved for the [[school]] of [[ego-psychology]] which had achieved a dominant position in the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association|IPA]] by the 1950s.

=====References=====

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[[Category:Practice]]

[[Category:Schools]]