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=====Jacques Lacan==========''Ècole Freudienne de Paris''=====When [[Jacques Lacan]] resigned founded the ''[[Ècole Freudienne de Paris]]'' ([[EFP]]) in 1964, after his resignation from the ''[[Société Française de Psychanalyse]]'' ([[SPP]]), he [[chose]] to call it a "[[school]]" (''école'')for precise reasons.'
Not only was it the first [[time]] that a [[school|psychoanalytic organisation]] had been called a "[[school]]" rather than an "[[school|association]]" or a "[[school|society]]", but the term "[[Jacques Lacanschool|school]] founded " also highlighted the fact that the [[EFP]] was more a means of [[school|psychoanalytic formation]] centred around a ''[[Ècole Freudienne de Parisdoctrine]]'' (than an [[school|institutional order]] centred around ''Freudian School a group of Paris') (important [[EFPpeople]]) in 1964''.
The =====Psychoanalytic Institution=====Thus the very use of the term '"[[school]]' " in the [[name ]] of the [[EFP]] indicated that it was an attempt to found a very different type of [[school|psychoanalytic institution ]] from those which had been founded before.
The [[EFPLacan]] was a 'particularly keen to avoid the dangers of the hierarchy dominating the institution, which he saw in the [[schoolInternational Psychoanalytic Association]] ([[FrenchIPA]]), and which he blamed for the [[theoretical]] misunderstandings which had come to dominate the [[IPA]]: ''; the [[écoleIPA]]'') rather than an 'association' or had become, he argued, a 'society'kind of [[religion|church]].<ref>{{S11}} p.4</ref>
The term However, it is also important to note that [[Lacan]]'s criticisms of the [[IPA]] do not imply a criticism of the [[school|psychoanalytic institution]]' highlighted 'per se''; while [[Lacan]] is very critical of the dangers that beset all [[school|psychoanalytic institution]]s, the fact that the he himself founded one is evidence that he [[EFPthought]] was more a means that some kind of psychoanalytic formation centred around a doctrine than an institutional order centred around a group of important peopleframework was necessary for [[psychoanalyst]]s.
Thus [[Lacan]] was particularly keen to avoid the dangers is just as sceptical of the hierarchy dominating the institution, which he saw in the [[International Psychoanalytic Association]] (those [[IPAanalyst]]), and which s who reject all institutions as he blamed for is of those who turn the theoretical misunderstandings which had come to dominate the [[IPA]]; the [[IPA]] had become, he argued, institution into a kind of [[religion|church]].<ref>{{S11}} p.4</ref>
However, it is also important to note that =====History of the EFP==========Training of Analysts=====Many of Lacan's [[ideas]] cannot be [[understood]] without some [[Lacanunderstanding]]'s criticisms of the [[IPAhistory]] do not imply a criticism of the psychoanalytic institution ''per se''; while [[EFP]] (1964-80), especially those of [[Lacan]] is very critical of the dangers that beset all psychoanalytic institutions, 's ideas which relate to the fact that he himself founded one is evidence that he thought that some kind of institutional framework was necessary for [[psychoanalyststraining]]of analysts.
Thus =====Membership=====In this context it is important to note that the [[LacanEFP]] is just as skceptical of those was not merely a [[analystschool|training institute]]s who reject all institutions as he is of those who turn the , and that membership was not restricted to [[institutionanalysts]] into a kind of /trainees, but was open to anyone with an interest in [[churchpsychoanalysis]].
Many of [[Lacan]]'s ideas cannot be understood without some understanding of the history of All members had equal voting rights, which meant that the [[EFP]] (1964-80), especially those of [[Lacan]]was the first truly ''democratic''s ideas which relate to the [[trainingschool|psychoanalytic organisation]] of [[analyst]]sin history.
===Membership==Four Categories=====In this context it is important to note that the There were four [[EFPcategories]] was not merely a [[training]] institute, and that membership was not restricted to [[analysts]]/[[trainees]], but was open to anyone with an interest of members in [[psychoanalysis]].  All members had equal voting rights, which meant that the [[EFP]] was the first truly : * [[democratic] psychoanalytic organisation in [[history]]. There were four categories of members in the EFP: school|M.E. ]] (''Membre de l'Ecole, or simple member''), * [[school|A.P. ]] (''[[Analyste ]] Practiquant''), * [[school|A.M.E. ]] (''Analyste Membre de l'Ècole''), and * [[school|A.E. ]] (''Analyste de l'Ècole'').
Members could, and often did, hold several titles simultaneously.
Those who applied for membership of the [[school]] were interviewed by a committee called the ''[[school|cardo ]]'' (a [[word ]] [[meaning ]] a hinge on which a door turns) before [[being ]] admitted as an [[school|M.E. Only the A.M.E. and the A.E. were recognised as [[analyst]]s by the [[school]], although other members were not forbidden to conduct analyses, and could award themselves the title of A.P. to indicate that they were practising analysts.
The title of Only the [[school|A.M.E. was granted to members of ]] and the [[school|A.E.]] were recognised as [[analyst]]s by the [[school who satisfied a jury of senior ]], although [[other]] members that they had conducted the were not [[analysisforbidden]] of two to conduct [[patienttreatment|analyses]]s in a satisfactory manner; in this sense, and could award themselves the category title of [[school|A.MP.E, was similar ]] to indicate that of the titular members of other psychoanalytic societiesthey were [[treatment|practising]] [[analysts]].
The title of [[school|A.M.E, .]] was awarded on granted to members of the basis of a very different procedure, which school who [[Lacansatisfied]] called a jury of senior members that they had conducted the [[passanalysis]]. ===The pass===The of two [[passpatient]] was instituted by s in a satisfactory manner; in this [[Lacansense]] in 1967 as a means of verifying , the [[end category]] of analysis[[school|A.M.E]], and constitutes was similar to that of the most original feature titular members of the EFPother [[school|psychoanalytic societies]].
Another original feature The title of the EFP [[school|A.E.]], was awarded on the promotion basis of research in small study groups known as a very different procedure, which [[Lacan]] called the [[cartelspass]].
=====Pass=====The final years [[pass]] was instituted by [[Lacan]] in 1967 as a means of verifying the EFP were dominated by intense controversy over [[end of analysis]], and constitutes the most original feature of the [[passEFP]] and other issues.
===Dissolution==Cartels=====In 1980, [[LacanAnother]] dissolved original feature of the [[EFP]], and was the promotion of research in 1981 he created a new institution in its stead, the [[Ècole de la Cause Freudienne]] (small study groups known as [[ECFcartel]])s.
Some =====Dissolution of the original members EFP=====The final years of the [[EFP]] followed [[Lacan]] into were dominated by intense controversy over the [[ECFpass]], whereas others left to set up a variety of and other groupsissues.
Some of these groups still exist todayIn 1980, as does [[Lacan]] dissolved the [[EFP]], and in 1981 he created a new institution in its stead, the [[École de la Cause Freudienne]] ([[ECF]]).
Some of the original members of the [[EFP]] followed [[Lacan]] into the [[ECF]], whereas [[others]] [[left]] to set up a variety of other groups.
 ==Miscellaneous==First you are introduced to the concept of the School, since it is this concept, rather than that of the society, that oriented Lacan in his Founding Act, in 1964. Jacques Lacan made use of the concept of the School to found the École Freudienne de Paris (EFP) in 1964, with the aim of providing an organization for those analysts and non-analysts following his orientation in the reconquest of the Freudian Field, a task to which Lacan gave the utmost importance. This is what he said in his [[The Founding Act|Founding Act]]: <blockquote>"I found – as alone as I have always been in my relation to the psychoanalytic cause, the French School of Psychoanalysis, whose direction I will personally assume for the next four years, which nothing currently prohibits me from answering for.I intend this title to represent the organism in which there is work to be accomplished – work which, in the field Freud has opened, restores the cutting edge of its truth; which brings the original praxis that he instituted under the name of psychoanalysis back to the duty incumbent on it in our world; which, through a sustained critique, denounces the deviations and the compromises that encumber its progress while degrading its use.This objective of our work is inseparable from the training to be dispensed within this movement of reconquest. That is, those that I have trained myself are admitted as fully qualified, just as anyone who can contribute to demonstrating that the experience of this training is well founded is invited to join.Those who enter this School will undertake to fulfil a task that is subject to both internal and external supervision. In exchange they are assured that nothing will be spared in order that anything valuable they do gets the attention it deserves and in the appropriate place."<ref>[[The Founding Act]]</ref></blockquote> The roots of the concept of the School go back to Ancient Greece. Lacan explains its use in the Preface: <blockquote>"It is the School that once more questions the principles of an evident qualification and with the consent of those who received it with merit. In which it reveals itself to be Freudian as well, proceeding now to an examination of the term School.This term should be taken in the sense of the ancient meaning of certain places of refuge, even as a base of operations against what could already be called the discontents of civilization. Considering the discontents of psychoanalysis, the School gives its field not only to a critical work but also to the opening up of the roots of the experience, to a judgement of the resulting way of life."</blockquote> A School, then, in the way Lacan conceived it, has psychoanalysis as its object, and the restoration of its truth and transmission of its knowledge as its aim, offering it to supervision and scientific debate, founding in reason the qualification of the psychoanalyst.Its aim is the promotion of pure psychoanalysis as well as psychoanalysis applied to therapeutics, the formation of psychoanalysts and the investigation of the field opened by Freud and developed by Lacan.A School of psychoanalysis works against the discontents of civilization by not ignoring the discontents particular to its own field. It can act as a refuge, but one within which acts of intervention operative beyond its boundaries are elaborated.In the field opened by Freud, a School has the task of orienting those who persevere in the way indicated by the teaching of J. Lacan, a teaching whose particularity lies in its reference to the “transference Some of work”. In this regard, when defining the School as “an inaugural experience” in the these groups still [[Attached Noteexist]] to the Founding Act, Lacan clarifies:  <blockquote>"To those who are able to pose the question of what it is that guides ustoday, we shall reveal its reason. The teaching of psychoanalysis can not be transmitted from one subject to another except by means of a transference of work. The seminars (…) will found nothing if they don’t refer back to this transference. No doctrinal apparatus, and in particular our own, however propitious it be in the direction of one’s work, will be able to prejudge the conclusions which will be its issue."</blockquote> When Lacan thought that the School which he had founded (the EFP) was not complying with its proposed objectives, was not achieving its concept, he had no hesitation in resorting – by way of solution - to its dissolution as a legal entity. This occurred in 1980 and was announced as follows in his [[Letter of Dissolution]] of January of that year: <blockquote>"There is a problem in the School. It is not a mystery. It is also in this that I take my orientation, and not a moment too soon. This problem is shown to be one by having a solution, dissolution.(…) In other words, I persevere. And I call to associate again those who, this January of 1980, want to follow Lacan.(…) If I persevere, it is because the experience undergone calls for a counter-experience to compensate it".</blockquote> Lacan then launches the Freudian Cause, this time together with some others. He formulates it as follows on does the 18th of March 1980, as found in a text entitled [[Mr. A.ECF]]: <blockquote>"It is necessary to innovate, I said – with the reservation of adding: not entirely alone. I see it like this: that each one should collaborate in this. (…) it is a question of the Freudian Cause escaping from the group effect that I denounce."</blockquote> It is the École de la Cause Freudienne (EFC), founded in 1981, the first School in the network of the Freudian Field, that takes up the challenge of this relaunching of the cause, in the mode of a counter-experience to the EFP, responding to the last institutional guidelines of Lacan, who, in March of that year, wrote in his [[Second Letter to the Forum]]: <blockquote>"The School that I adopted as mine, remains. Still new and fragile, this is where the nucleus, through which it is possible that my teaching might last, will be put to the test."</blockquote> The School of Lacan proved to be this ‘nucleus’ that allowed the expansion of his teachings in the years to follow.Under the aegis of the World Association of Psychoanalysis (WAP) – whose Delegate General was Jacques-Alain Miller from its foundation in 1992 until 2002, when he was followed by Graciela Brodsky – the concept of School has been maintained and renewed, giving impulse to the creation of the series of schools.Below are some key terms designed to serve as points of entry to certain texts of J.-A.. Miller in which the concept of the School is taken up in different ways according to the Lacanian orientation of his teachings. - The School and Russell’s Paradox (see Miller’s texts: La Escuela de Lacan (20) and The Turin Theory on the Subject of the School)- The Subject of the School (see Miller’s text "The Turin Theory on the Subject of the School")- The School and applied psychoanalysis (developed in Miller’s course "Un effort de poésie", lesson 9)- The School and Lacanian action (developed in Miller’s course "Un effort de poésie", lessons 10 and 11)
==See Also==
{{See}}
* [[Analysand]]
* [[Cartel]]
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* ''[[Ècole Freudienne de Paris]]''
* [[International Psychoanalytic Association]]
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* [[Pass]]
* [[Psychoanalysis]]
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* [[Training]]
* [[Ècole Freudienne de ParisTreatment]]* [[International Psychoanalytic Association]]{{Also}}
==References==
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[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
[[Category:Jacques Lacan]]
[[Category:PsychoanalysisSchools]][[Category:Dictionary]][[Category:Concepts]][[Category:Terms]] __NOTOC__
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