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{{TopToppp}}psychose]]|-|| [[German]]: ''[[Psychose{{Bottom}}

===Early Lacan===The term It is [[true]] that Freud had found that the [[discourse]] of the psychotic and the apparently bizarre and meaningless phenomena of psychosiscould be deciphered and [[understood]] arose in , just as [[dreams]] can. Freud's [[psychiatryanalysis]] in of the nineteenth century psychotic [[Schreber]]'s memoirs thus broke with contemporary approaches to psychosis, which regarded psychotics as a way beyond the limits of designating [[treatment|mental illnessunderstanding]] in general(Freud, 1951).

During [[Freud]]However, as Lacan points out, the fact that the psychotic's life, a basic distinction discourse is just as interpretable as that of the neurotic leaves the two disorders at the same level and fails to account for the major differences between [[psychosisthem]] and , thus the [[neurosisdistinction]] came between the two remains to be generally accepted, according to which [[explained. It is around this issue of the different mechanisms in psychosis]] designated extreme forms of [[treatment|mental illness]] and [[neurosis]] denoted less serious disordersthat Lacan's major contribution to the study of psychosis revolves.

This basic distinction between Freud claims that in both neurosis and psychosis there is a [[withdrawal]] of investment, or [[neurosisobject]] and -[[psychosiscathexis]] was taken up and developed by , from [[Freudobjects]] himself in several papersthe [[world]].<ref>{{F}} " In the [[Works case]] of neurosis the object-cathexis is retained, but is invested in fantasized objects in the neurotic's [[internal]] world. In the case of psychosis the withdrawn cathexis is invested in the ego at the expense of Sigmund Freud|Neurosis and Psychosisall object-[[cathexes]]," 1924beven in [[fantasy]]. This turning of [[libido]] upon the ego accounts for [[symptoms]] such as [[SEhypochondria]] XIXand megalomania. pThe delusional [[system]], the most striking feature of psychosis, arises in a second [[stage]].149Freud characterizes the [[construction]] of a delusional system as an attempt at recovery in which the psychotic re-establishes a new, often very intense, relation with the people and things in the world by way of a delusional [[formation]].</ref>

[[Lacan]]'s interest in [[psychosis]] predates his interest in [[psychoanalysis]]. Indeed it was his doctoral research, which concerned a psychotic woman whom [[Lacan]] calls [[Aimée]] that first led [[Lacan]] to [[psychoanalytic theory]].<ref>{{L}} ''[[Works of Jacques Lacan|De la psychose paranoiaque dans ses rapports avec la personalité]],'' 1932. Paris: Seuil, 1975.</ref> It is often remarked that [[Lacan]]'s debt to this [[patient]] is reminiscent of [[Freud]]'s debt to his first [[neurotic]] [[patient]]'s (who were also [[female]]). In other words, whereas [[Freud]]'s first approach to the [[unconscious]] is by way of [[neurosis]], [[Lacan]]'s tortured and at times almsot incomprehensible style of writing and speaking to the [[discourse]] of [[psychotic]] [[patient]]s. Whatever one makes of such comparisons, it is clear that [[Lacan]]'s discussions of [[psychosis]] are among the most significant and original aspects of his work. ===Foreclosure and the Oedipus complexHistory===[[Lacan]]'s most detailed discussion of discussed [[psychosis]] appears in throughout his [[seminar]] of 1955-6, entitled simply ''[[Seminar III|The Psychoses]]''. It is here that he expounds what come to be the main tents of the [[Jacques Lacan]]ian approach to [[madness]]. [[Psychosis]] is defined as one of the three [[clinical structure]]s, one of which is defined by the operation of [[foreclosure]]. In this operation, the [[Name-of-the-Father]] is not integrated in the [[symbolic order:Bibliography|symbolic universe]] of the [[psychotic]] (it is "[[foreclosed]]"), with the result that a hole is left in the [[symbolic orderwork]]. To speak of a hole in the [[symbolic order]] is not to say that the [[psychotic]] does not have an [[unconscious]]; on the contrary, His interest in [[psychosis]] "the unconscious is present but not functioning."<ref>{{S3}} p. 208</ref> The [[psychotic]] [[structure]] thus results from a certain malfunction of the [[Oedipus complex]], a [[lack]] in the paternal function; more specifically, predates his interest in [[psychosispsychoanalysis]] the paternal funciton is reduced to the [[image]] of the [[father]] (the [[symbolic]] is reduced to the [[imaginary]]). ===Psychosis and Psychotic Phenomena===In [[Jacques Lacan]]ian [[psychoanalysis]], it is important to distinguish between studied [[psychosis]] -- which is a ''[[clinical structure]]'' -- [[psychosis|psychotic phenomena]] -- such as [[delusions]] and [[hallucinations]]. Two conditions are required for [[psychosis|psychotic phenomena]] to emerge:* the [[subject]] must have his doctoral research about a [[psychoticwoman]] [[structure]], and* the [[Name-of-the-Father]] must be he calls "called into [[symbolic]] opposition to the [[subjectAimee]]."<ref>{{E1932}} p. 217</ref> In the absence of the first conditionIndeed it was his doctoral research, no confrontation with the [[Name-of-the-Father|paternal signifier]] will ever lead to [[psychosis|psychotic phenomena]]; which concerned a [[neurotic]] can never "become [[psychotic]]."<ref>{{S3}} p. 15</ref> In the absence of the second condition, the [[psychoticwoman]] whom [[structureLacan]] will remain calls [[latentAimée]]. It is thus conceivable that a [[subject]] may have a [[psychotic]] [[structure]] and yet never develop [[delusions]] or experience [[hallucination]]s. When both conditions are fulfilled, the [[psychosis]] is "triggered off," the [[latent]] [[psychosis]] becomes [[manifest]] in [[hallucination]]s and/or [[delusions]]. ===Psychosis and the Borromean Knot===In the 1970s first led [[Lacan]] his approach to [[psychosis]] around the notion of the [[borromean knot]]. The three rings in the [[knot]] represent the three [[orders]]: the [[real]], the [[symbolic]] and the [[imaginary]]. While in [[neurosis]] these three rings are linked together in a particular way, in [[psychosis]] they become disentangled. This [[psychotic]] disassociation may sometimes however be avoided by a [[sinthome|symptomatic formation]] which acts as a fourth ring holding the other three together. ===Psychosis and the Classical Method of Psychoanalytic Treament===[[Lacan]] follows [[Freud]] in arguing that -- while [[psychosis]] is of great interest for [[psychoanalytic theory]] -- it is outside the field of the classical method of [[psychoanalytic treatment]], which is only appropriate for [[neurosis]]. <blockquote>"To use the technique that [[Freud]] established outside the experience to which it was applied (i.e. neurosis) is as stupid as to toil at the oars when the ship is on the sand."<ref>{{E}} p. 221</ref></blockquote> Not only is the classical method of [[psychoanalytic treatment]] inappropriate for [[psychotic]] [[subject]]s, but it is even contraindicated. For example [[Lacan]] points out that the technique of [[psychoanalysis]], which involves the use of the couch and [[free association]], can easily trigger off a [[latent]] [[psychosis]].<ref>{{S31932}} p. 15</ref> This It is the reason why common to compare [[Lacan]]ian [[analyst]]s usually follow [[Freud]]'s recommendation to begin the tortured and at [[treatmenttimes]] almost incomprehensible style of a new [[patientwriting]] with a series of face-and speaking to-face interviews.<ref>{{F}} "[[Works of Sigmund Freud|On Beginning the Treatment]]," 1913c. [[SE]] XII, 123-4</ref> Only when the [[analyst]] is reasonably sure that the [[patient]] is not [[psychotic]] will the [[patient]] be asked to lie down on the couch and [[free association|free associate]]. ===Psychosis and the Lacanian Method discourse of Psychoanalytic Treament===This does not mean that [[Lacan]]ian [[analyst]]s do not work with [[psychotic]] [[patient]]s. On the contrary, much work has been done by [[Lacanian]] [[analystLacan]]'s in the [[treatment]] discussions of [[psychosis]]. However, are among the method most significant and original aspects of his [[treatment]work] differs substantially from that used with [[neurotic]] and [[perverse]] [[patient]]s.  [[Lacan]] himself works with [[psychotic]] [[patient]]'s but left very few comments on the technique he employed; rather than setting out a technical procedure for working with most detailed [[psychosisdiscussion]], he limited himself to discussing the questions preliminary to any such work.<ref>{{L}} "[[Works of Jacques Lacan|D'une question préliminaire à tout traitement possible de la psychose]]," [1957-8b], in {{Ec}} pp. 531-83 ["On a Question Preliminary to Any Possible Treatment of Psychosis," trans. Alan Sheridan, in {{E}} pp. 226-80.</ref> ===Psychosis and the Symbolic Order===[[Lacan]] rejects the approach of those who limit their analysis of [[psychosis]] to the appears in his [[imaginary order]]. <blockquote>"Nothing is to be expected from the way [[psychosisseminar]] is explored at the level of the [[imaginary]]1955-6, since the entitled simply ''[[imaginarySeminar III|The Psychoses]] mechanism is what gives [[psychotic]] [[alienation]] its form, but not its dynamics."<ref>{{S3}} p''. 146</ref></blockquote>  It is only by focusing on the [[symbolic order]] here that [[Lacan]] is able to point he expounds what come to be the fundamental determining element main tenets of [[psychosis]], namely, the hole in the [[symbolic]] [[order]] caused by [[foreclosure]] and the consequent "imprisonment" of the [[psychotic]] [[subject]] in the [[imaginary]]. It is also this emphasis on the [[symbolic]] [[order]] which leads [[Lacan]] ian approach to value above all the [[linguistics|linguistic phenomena]] in [[psychosismadness]]:  <blockquote>"The importance given to language phenomena in psychosis is for us the msot fruitful lesson of all."<ref>{{S3}} p. 144</ref></blockquote>

==Psychosis and Linguistic Phenomena=Clinical Structure===The [[language|language phenomenaPsychosis]] most notable in is defined as one of the three [[psychosisclinical structure]] are ''disorders'' s, one of which is defined by the operation of [[languageforeclosure]]. In this operation, and the [[LacanName-of-the-Father]] argues that is not integrated in the [[presencesymbolic order|symbolic universe]] of such disorders the [[psychotic]] (it is "[[foreclosed]]"), with the result that a necessary condition for [[hole]] is [[left]] in the [[symbolic order]]. To [[speak]] of a diagnosis of [[lack|hole]] in the [[symbolic order]] is not to say that the [[psychotic]] does not have an [[unconscious]]; on the contrary, in [[psychosis]]"the unconscious is [[present]] but not functioning."<ref>{{S3}} p. 92208</ref> The [[psychotic]] [[structure]] thus results from a certain malfunction of the [[Oedipus complex]], a [[lack]] in the [[paternal function]]; more specifically, in [[psychosis]] the [[paternal function]] is reduced to the [[image]] of the [[father]] (the [[symbolic]] is reduced to the [[imaginary]]).

Among ===The Psychotic Relation to Reality===In his articles on [[psychosis]] [[Freud]] noted the [[psychotic]] 's altered relation to [[languagereality]] disorders which . The 'imaginary [[Lacanexternal]] draws attention world' of a psychosis attempts to are holophrases and put itself in [[place]] of the extensive use of neologisms 'external world'. (which may be completely new words coined by the In Lacanian [[psychoticterms]], or already existing words which there are altered relations between [[the Imaginary]] and Real Orders, in parallel with an alteration in [[psychoticthe Symbolic]] redefinesOrder).<ref>{{Ec}} p. 167</ref>

In 1956studying [[psychosis]] Lacan stated, following [[Freud]], that "the problem lies not in the reality that is lost, but in that which takes its place."<ref>{{E}} p. 188-9</ref> Lacanemphasized the 'rent' or [[gap]] attributes these that appears in the relation of the psychotic subject to the world, and the nature of the 'patch' which the psychotic subject applies over this gap.<!-- ====Psychotic Phenomena==== --><!-- In [[Lacan]]ian [[psychoanalysis]] it is important to distinguish between [[psychosis]], which is a [[clinical structure]], and [[psychotic]] phenomena such as [[delusions]] and [[hallucinations]]. Two [[conditions]] are required for psychotic phenomena to emerge: the [[subject]] must have a [[psychotic]] [[structure]], and the [[Name-of-the-Father]] must be "called into symbolic opposition to the subject."<ref>{{E}} p. 217</ref> In the [[languageabsence]] disorders of the first condition, no confrontation with the paternal signifier will ever lead to psychotic phenomena; a [[neurotic]] can never "become psychotic."<ref>{{S3}} p. 15</ref> In the [[absence]] of the second condition, the [[psychotic]]'[[structure]] will remain [[latent]]. It is thus conceivable that a [[subject]] may have a [[psychotic]] [[structure]] and yet never develop [[delusions]] or [[experience]] [[hallucination]]s. When both conditions are fulfilled, the [[psychosis]] is "triggered off," the latent [[psychosis]] becomes [[manifest]] in [[hallucination]]s and/or [[delusions]]. --><!-- ==[[lackBorromean Knot]]== --><!-- In the 1970s [[Lacan]] reformulates his approach to [[psychosis]] around the [[notion]] of the [[borromean knot]]. The three rings in the [[knot]] [[represent]] the three [[orders]]: the [[real]], the [[symbolic]] and the [[imaginary]]. While in [[neurosis]] these three rings are linked together in a particular way, in [[psychosis]] they become disentangled. This [[psychotic]] disassociation may sometimes however be avoided by a sufficient number of ''[[points de capitonsinthome|symptomaatic formation]] which [[acts]] as a fourth ring holding the [[other]]''three together.-->

The ===Schreber===In his [[lackseminar]] on [[psychosis]] ([[{{Y}}|1955-6]]) [[Lacan]] tackled [[Freud]] of sufficient ''s case [[points de capitonhistory]]'' means that the of [[psychoticJudge Schreber]] experience is characterized by , a constant [[slipparanoid]] [[schizophrenic]]page who wrote a fascinating account of his illnesss entitled ''Memoirs of the My Nervous [[signifiedIllness]] under '' (1903). Lacan's essay "On a question preliminary to any possible treatment of psychosis (1957-8)' enlarged on the [[signifierideas]], which is a disaster for of this [[significationseminar]].

<blockquote>There ===Treatment===[[Freud]] was skeptical about the possibility of practising [[psychoanalysis]] with [[psychotic]] [[patients]]. [[Lacan]] follows [[Freud]] in arguing that while [[psychosis]] is a continual "cascade of reshapings great interest for [[psychoanalytic theory]], it is [[outside]] the field of the signifier fromw hich the increasing disaster classical method of [[psychoanalytic treatment]], which is only appropriate for [[neurosis]]; "to use the imaginary proceeds, until [[technique]] that [[Freud]] established outside the level experience to which it was applied (i.e. neurosis) is reached as stupid as to toil at which signifier and signified are stablized in the delusional metaphoroars when the ship is on the sand."<ref>{{E}} p. 217221</ref></blockquote>

Another way <!-- Not only is the classical method of describing this [[psychoanalytic treatment]] inappropriate for [[psychotic]] [[subject]]s, but it is as "even contraindicated. For example [[Lacan]] points out that the technique of [[psychoanalysis]], which involves the use of the couch and [[free association]], can easily trigger off a relationship between latent [[psychosis]].<ref>{{S3}} p. 15</ref> This is the subject [[reason]] why [[Lacan]]ian [[analyst]]s usually follow [[Freud]]'s recommendation to begin the [[treatment]] of a new [[patient]] with a series of face-to-face interviews.<ref>{{F}} p.1913c. [[SE]] XII. 123-4</ref> Only when the [[analyst]] is reasonably sure that the [[patient]] is not [[psychotic]] will the [[patient]] be asked to lie down on the couch and [[free association|free associate]]. -->This does not mean that Lacanian [[analysts]] do not work with [[psychotic]] [[patient]]s. On the signifier contrary, much work has been done by [[Lacanian]] [[analyst]]s in the [[treatment]] of [[psychosis]]. However, the method of [[treatment]] differs substantially from that used with [[neurotic]] and [[perverse]] [[patient]]s. [[Lacan]] himself works with [[psychotic]] [[patient]]s but left very few comments on the technique he employed; rather than setting out a technical procedure for [[working]] with [[psychosis]], he limited himself to discussing the questions preliminary to any such work.<ref>{{L}} p. 1957-8b</ref><!-- [[Lacan]] rejects the approach of those who [[limit]] their analysis of [[psychosis]] to the [[imaginary order]]; "[[nothing]] is to be expected from the way psychosis is explored at the level of the [[imaginary]], since [[the imaginary]] [[mechanism]] is what gives psychotic [[alienation]] its most formal dimension[[form]], but not its dynamics."<ref>{{S3}} p. 146</ref> It is only by focusing on the [[symbolic order]] that [[Lacan]] is able to point to the fundamental determining element of [[psychosis]], namely, the hole in its dimension as a pure signifierthe [[symbolic]] [[order]] caused by [[foreclosure]] and the consequent "imprisonment" of the psychotic subject in the imaginary. It is also this emphasis on the [[symbolic order]] which leads [[Lacan]] to [[value]] above all the [[linguistic]] phenomena in [[psychosis]]: "the importance given to language phenomena in psychosis is for us the msot fruitful lesson of all."<ref>{{S3}} p.250144</ref> -->

This relationship ===The Relation of the subject Subject to his Speech===Lacan asserted that the [[signifier]] in its purely formal aspect constitutes "failure to take account of the nucleus relation of the subject to his speech had resulted in a failure to [[psychosisunderstand]]psychotic phenomena."<ref>{{S3}} p. 250</ref>

<blockquote!-- ====Language Disorders==== --><!-- The [[language]] phenomena most notable in [[psychosis]] are ''disorders'' of [[language]], and [[Lacan]] argues that the [[presence]] of such disorders is a necessary condition for a diagnosis of [[psychosis]].<ref>{{S3}} p. 92</ref> Among the psychotic language disorders which Lacan draws attention to are holophrases and the extensive use of neologisms (which may be completely new [[words]] coined by the psychotic, or already existing words which the psychotic redefines).<ref>{{Ec}} p. 167</ref> In [[{{Y}}|1956]], [[Lacan]] attributes these [[language]] disorders to the [[psychotic]]'s [[lack]] of a sufficient [[number]] of ''[[points de capiton]]''. --><!-- The lack of sufficient ''[[points de capiton]]'' means that the psychotic experience is characterized by a constant [[slippage]] of the [[signified]] under the signifier, which is a disaster for [[signification]]; there is a continual "cascade of reshapings of the signifier fromw hich the increasing disaster of the imaginary proceeds, until the level is reached at which signifier and signified are stablized in the delusional [[metaphor]]."<ref>{{E}} p. 217</ref> [[Another]] way of describing this is as "a [[relationship]] between the subject and the signifier in its most [[formal]] [[dimension]], in its dimension as a pure signifier."<ref>{{S3}} p. 250</ref> This relationship of the subject to the signifier in its purely formal aspect constitutes "the nucleus of psychosis."<ref>{{S3}} p.250</ref>"If the neurotic inhabits language, the psychotic is inhabited, possessed, by language."<ref>{{S3}} p. 250</ref></blockquote-->

==See AlsoReferences ==* [[Foreclosure]] ==References<div style="font-size:11px" class="references-small">

[[Category:DictionaryTerms]]