A characteristic expression of unconscious psychic processes, repetition drives the subject, more or less regularly, but inflexibly, to reiterate systematically certain experiences, thoughts, ideas, and representations.{{Top}}répétition{{Bottom}}
Discovering and accounting for repetition opened up one of the most fertile areas of study for Freudian psychoanalysis. Whereas others emphasized hereditary, physiological, traumatic or circumstantial causes=====Sigmund Freud=========="Compulsion to Repeat"=====For [[Freud]], Freud stressed that what was involved was the automatic "[[repetition of memories and experiences that are no longer conscious, according |compulsion to repeat]]" -- also referred to modalities that vary with as the circumstances and individual case. The technique adopted from the time of Studies on Hysteria (1895) favored placing this process of "[[repetition|repetition within the special framework of the psychoanalytic relation, wherein the idea or affect that was blocked from conscious manifestation could be expressed compulsion]]" (catharsis''[[Wiederholungszwang]]''). Freud pointed out, all -- is related to the same, that if '''[[death drive]]''' and the memory was blocked in the unconscious, this was because it was comprised of elements that had taken the turn of "deferred action." Consequently, repetition does not mean similitude, which contrasts it from the symptom properly speaking, particularly the obsessional symptom, where it is repeated as such''[[desire]] to [[return]] to an inorganic [[state]]''.
The notion of "[[repetition was originally introduced by Karl Groos, for whom recognition was |compulsion to repeat]]" refers to the basis tendency of ludic and aesthetic pleasure, and also by Gustav Fechner, who defined pleasure as the result of an economy of psychic effort, leading [[patient]] to a lowering of tension. Repetition provokes the return of the already-known, "reunion with the object" expose himself again and the tranquility of again to a satisfaction whose experience is deeply rooted in the psyche. This can take two possible directions: regression pure and simple, which, when it is engaged, imposes the repetition of the same on the entire psychic life; distressing or converselypainful [[situation]], that although he has [[memory|forgotten]] of an alternating rhythm [[scene|origins]] of falling into a rut and coming out of it, which becomes the indispensable basis for new experiences[[repetition|compulsion]].
In [[Psychoanalytic treatment]] involves an effort to break the subsequent work cycle of Freud, there were two distinct periods, separated in 1920 [[repetition]] by Beyond the Pleasure Principle. Until this time, when repetition was mentioned, in various contexts, it was always in the same sense and often conjoined with other notions such as recall, abreaction, construction, and working through. After 1920, it almost never came up again except in the form of a "repetition compulsion." Here the focus will be, essentially, on repetition of helping the first period, and its extensions[[patient]] [[memory|remember]].
In the first meaning =====Jacques Lacan=====[[Lacan]] expands upon [[Freud]]'s [[concept]] of the term, repetition was equivalent to reiteration. In The Interpretation of Dreams it was a significant primary process: "The temporal [[repetition of an act is regularly shown in dreams by the numerical multiplication of an object" (1900a). In Jokes and Their Relation |compulsion to the Unconscious (1905c), it was the source of the comic, by reason of the economy of concentrated effort and the effect of pleasure thus obtained. With a child this pleasurable effect of repetition is quite evident. But for an adult, when something is repeated, what was first pleasurable arouses anxiety and a feeling of abnormality, especially when the repetition emerges from an encounter or an experience where it was least expected. Freud cited a few examples of this in "The 'Uncannyrepeat]]"' (1919h), such as the repetition of the same number, the same place, or the multiplied encounter of the same face—all of which can become the source of considerable anxiety. Freud was known to harbor quasi-superstitious feelings about certain times of the year, the repetition of numbers, or about coincidences. In his Leonardo da Vinci and a Memory of His Childhood (1910c), he called a repetition that occurred in the context of the death of the father perseveration, adding that "It is an excellent means of indicating affective colourvarious ways."
In his article He borrows the term "Remembering, Repeating and Working-Through'''[[repetition|automatisme de répétition]]'''" (1914g), Freud described the role of "[[repetition in the analytic cure, considerably narrowing its significance by linking |repetition to acting out. Repetition matters only when the subject "does not remember anything of what he has forgotten and repressed, but acts it outautomatism]]" (p. 150). In which case, from [[French]] [[psychiatry]]<ref>[[Lacan]]'s tendency to use "We soon perceive that the transference is itself only a piece of '''[[repetition|automatisme de répétition]]'''" (p. 151). This accounts for the rule that no serious decision should be made in the course as a [[translation]] of the analysis. Insofar as it is only purely and simply repetition, transference [[Freud]]'s ''[[Wiederholungszwang]]'' is a resistance, since it is marked by reminder of how much he owes to the anachronism [[French]] [[school]] of repeated contents and aims [[psychiatry]] in which he was first trained.</ref> to refer to disguise the effects ''[[repetition|compulsive repetition]] or [[repetition|reproduction]] of deferred actionan [[complex|internalized social structure]] which the [[subject]] '''repeatedly''' and '''compulsively''' re-enacts.''.
In clinical practice, the most typical example of this is the fate neurosis, which produces ineluctably the translation of memories or repressed events into acts, a process discussed in "Remembering, Repeating and Working-Through" (1914g). In transference neurosis, the repetition intervenes basically on the level of affects or representations, which constitute undeniably for Freud evidence of early repressed pleasures that the subject has not been able to renounce, to the point that his thoughts are invaded by the repetitions, or he becomes fixated and obsessed. The problem here then is to limit the fascination they exert, so as to make it possible to break free of them, which can only be done in the framework of a transference-neurosis type of repetition—but one made flexible by means of interpretation. With perversion, the repetition is focused essentially on the scenario, the practice or means utilized in the search for pleasure, which leads to stereotyping and systematizing.
Daniel Lagache placed much emphasis on While [[Lacan]] never completely abandons the role of term ''[[repetition in the transference: "In the course of the sessions of psychoanalysis|automatisme de répétition]]'', as in the course of life, the patient draws from his repertoire of habits," and on this basis, "the liquidation of the transference should be understood as a liquidation of 1950s he increasingly uses the transference neurosis, that is to say of neurotic repetitions, inadequate for present-day reality." This assimilation of term "[[repetition|insistence]]" with "inappropriate" characteristics was echoed a few years later by Ralph Greenson (1967[[French]]: ''[[instance]]''). Jean Laplanche criticized this conception of repetition, which he considered too adaptationist, opposing it to a repetition such as is manifested in "full transference," which is a positive refer to the [[repetition of infantile images or relations—or the kind of |repetition such as is behind the "hollow transference," whereby the infantile repeated relation rediscovers its enigmatic quality, with meaningful questions surging to the surface when this occurs (1987)compulsion]].
In childhood the role of [[Lacan]] also defines [[repetition is decisive. Through ]] as the first articulation "'''[[insistence of meaningful phonemes, primitive gestures or initial mimicry, it results in the establishment and gradual reinforcement of signsletter]]'''" (''[[l'instance de la lettre]]''), rhythmsthat is, and habits that will shape as ''the being [[repetition|compulsive repetition]] of certain '''[[signifier]]s''' or '''[[letter]]s''' despite the [[subject, his physiognomy and rapport with ]]'s [[consciousness|conscious attempts]] to [[repression|repress]] [[them]]''. <blockquote>"[[Repetition]] is fundamentally the world[[insistence]] of [[speech]]."<ref>{{S3}} p.242</ref></blockquote>
However, =====Resistance=====Certain [[signifier]]s insist on returning in the form of tics, stereotypes, stammering, etc., repetition signals real blockages; but when repetition turns into swayings, rictus, suckings, cries, and so on, it constitutes a valuable sign of early autism (Leo Kanner) or of anaclitic depression (René Spitz). These repetitions are evidence, in effect, of a progressive withdrawal [[life]] of the child into a regressive internal world where his tendency is to lose himself. In this sense, childhood is a privileged period for observing the relation to others and situating oneself: as long as the other person remains a partner, there are progressive clarifications that result in a relatively stable habitus, one that it is possible to build on. However, when the partner is distant, unknown, mysterious, enigmatic, and silent, then sometimes obstructions and inhibitions occur that require external intervention. On the other hand, when real stereotyping ensues[[subject]], it can only mean that despite the other has been confused with an internal object[[resistance]]s which block them.
Repetition plays an especially important role in all activities centered on sublimation, and consequently in literary or artistic creation. In analyzing the Gradiva of Jensen (1907a)[[schema L]], or meditating over Leonardo da Vinci and a Memory of his Childhood (1910c), Freud isolated a form of [[repetition that not only becomes renewal, but also metamorphosis or creation: in ]] / [[insistence]] is represented by the case of Gradiva there was a risk of alienation from realityaxis '''A-S''', while repetition clearly allows, in the case of Leonardo, for axis '''''a''-''a very special way of working with reality. Freud's intuition was applied later to the subject of music, where repetition becomes rhythm, which is probably its source, engendering irreplaceable drive pleasures and satisfactions at ''''' represents the deepest levels of psychic functioning [[resistance]] (Guy Rosolatoor "inertia")which opposes [[repetition]].
GÉRARD BONNET=====''Jouissance''=====BibliographyIn the 1960s, [[repetition]] is redefined as the [[return]] of ''[[jouissance]]'', an [[excess]] of [[enjoyment]] which [[return]]s again and again to [[transgress]] the limits of the [[pleasure principle]] and seek [[death]].<ref>{{S17}} p. 51</ref>
* Freud=====Transference=====The [[repetition|compulsion to repeat]] is often [[acting out|acted out]], Sigmund. (1914g). Rememberingthe [[repetition|repetition compulsion]] manifests itself, Repeating and Working-Through (Further recommendations on in the technique of psycho-analysis II). SE[[transference]], 12: 145-156. * Rosolato, Guy (1993). L'écoute musicale comme méditation. In Pour une psychanalyse exploratrice de la culture (pp. 187-197). Paris: Presses Universitaires de Francewhereby the [[analysand]] repeats in his [[relationship]] to the [[analyst]] certain attitudes which characterised his earlier relationships with his [[parents]] and [[others]].
[[Freud]] establishes an important distinciton between the [[repetition|compulsive repetition]] of [[material]] that has not been mastered or [[understood]], and the [[recollection]], verbalization and [[working]]-through characteristic of the [[talking cure]].
[[Lacan]] lays great emphasis on this [[symbolic]] aspect of [[transference]], distinguishing it from the [[imaginary]] [[dimension]] of [[transference]] (the [[affect]]s of [[love]] and [[hate]]).<ref>{{S8}} p.204</ref>
==new==However, [[Lacan]] points out that although the [[repetition|repetition compulsion]] manifests itself perhaps most clearly in the [[transference]], it is not in itself limited to the [[transference]]; in itself, "the concept of repetition has [[nothing]] to do with the concept of transference."<ref>{{S11}} p. 33</ref>
repetition (rÈpÈtition) Freud's most important discussion of the repetition compulsion (Wiederholungszwang) occurs in [[Beyond the Pleasure PrincipleRepetition]] (1920g) where he links it to is the concept general characteristic of the [[death drivesignifying chain]]. Freud posited the existence of a basic compulsion to repeat in order to explain certain clinical data: namely, the tendency manifestation of the [[unconscious]] in every [[subject to expose himself again ]], and again to distressing situations. It [[transference]] is only a basic principle very special [[form]] of psychoanalysis that a person [[repetition]] (i.e. it is only condemned to repeat something when he has forgotten the origins of the compulsion, and that [[repetition]] within [[psychoanalytic treatment can therefore break ]]), which cannot simply be equated with the cycle of repetition by helping the patient remember (see [[Acting Outrepetition|repetition compulsion]])itself. <ref>{{S8}} p.208</ref>
In Lacan's pre-1950s work<blockquote>It is quite common, for example, to hear it said that the concept [[transference]] is a form of [[repetition ]]. I am not saying that this is untre, or that there is linked with not an element of [[repetition]] in the [[transference]]. I am not saying that it is not on the basis of his [[experience]] of the [[complextransference]] that [[Freud]] approached [[repetition]]. What I am saying is that the concept of [[repetition]] - an internalised social structure which has nothing to do with the subject repeatedly and compulsively re-enactsconcept of [[transference]]. At Because of this time Lacan often translates Freud's Wiederholungszwang as automatisme de rÈpÈtitionconfusion, I am obliged to go through this explanation at the outset, to lay down the necessary [[logical]] steps. a term borrowed For to follow [[chronology]] would be to encourage the ambiguities of the concept of [[repetition]] that derive from French psychiatrythe fact that its discovery took [[place]] in the course of the first hesistant steps necessitated by the experience of the [[transference]]. "<ref>Pierre Janet, GaÎtan Gatian de ClÈrambault{{S11}} p. 33</ref></blockquote>
While Lacan never completely abandons the term automatisme de rÈpÈtition, in the 1950s he increasingly uses the term ==See Also=={{See}}* [[Death]]* [[Death drive]]||* [[Drive]]* 'insistence' (Fr. instance) to refer to the repetition compulsion. Thus repetition is -- now defined -- as the insistence of the signifier, or the insistence of the signifying chain, or the insistence of the letter (l[[Jouissance]]'instance de la lettre); 'repetition is fundamentally the insistence of speech.'<ref>S3, 242</ref> Certain signifiers insist on returning in the life of the subject, despite the resistances which block them. In ||* [[Signifying chain]]* [[Subject]]||* [[Symbolic]]* [[Transference]]||* [[Treatment]]* [[schema LUnconscious]], repetition / insistence is represented by the axis A-S, while the axis a-a' represents the resistance (or 'inertia') which opposes repetition.{{Also}}
In the 1960s, repetition is redefined as the return of jouissance, an excess of enjoyment which returns again and again to transgress the limits of the [[pleasure principle]] and seek death.==References==<div style="font-size:11px" class="references-small"><refreferences/> (S17, 51</refdiv>{{OK}}[[Category:Practice]][[Category:Treatment]]
The repetition compulsion manifests itself in analytic treatment in the [[transference]], whereby the analysand repeats in his relationship to the analyst certain attitudes which characterised his earlier relationships with his parents and others. Lacan lays great emphasis on this [[Symbolic]] aspect of transference, distinguishing it from the [[Imaginary]] dimension of transference (the affects of love and hate).<ref>(S8, 204</ref> However, Lacan points out that although the repetition compulsion manifests itself perhaps most clearly in the transference, it is not in itself limited to the transference; in itself, 'the concept of repetition has nothing to do with the concept of transference.'<ref>Sll, 33</ref> Repetition is the general characteristic of the signifying chain, the manifestation of the unconscious in every subject, and transference is only a very special form of repetition (i.e. it is repetition within psychoanalytic treatment), which cannot simply be equated with the repetition compulsion itself. <ref>S8, 208</ref> [[Category:Terms]][[Category:Concepts]][[Category:Psychoanalysis]][[Category:Jacques Lacan]]__NOTOC__
