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The term '[[sign]]' ([[French]]: ''[[signe]]'') is defined by [[Jacques Lacan]] as that which "represents something for someone." The [[signifier]] is "that which represents a subject for another signifier."<ref>{{S11}} p.207</ref> By engaging with the concept of the [[sign]], [[Lacan]] sets his work in close relation to the [[science]] of [[semiotics]], which has grown rapidly in the twentieth century.  Two main lines of development can be discerned within semiotics: the European line associated with [[===Ferdinand de Saussure]] (which ===[[Saussure]] himself baptised with the name of '[[semiology]]'), and the North American line associated with [[Charles SImage:SAUSSUREANALGORITHM. Peircegif|thumb|200px|right|The Saussurean Sign]]. ===One=== According to [[Saussure]], the [[sign]] is the basic unit of [[language]].
The [[sign]] is constituted by two elements:
# a conceptual element (which [[Saussure]] calls the [[signified]]), and # a phonological element (called the [[signifierconceptual]]).  The two elements are linked by an arbitrary but unbreakable bond. ====Saussurean algorithm====element (or [[Saussureconcept]] represented the [[sign]] by means of a diagram.<ref>Saussure), 1916: 114</ref>and  In this diagram, the arrows represent the reciprocal implication inherent in [[signification]], and the line between the [[signified]] and # the [[signifier]] represents union. ====Jacques Lacan====[[Lacan]] takes up the [[Saussure]]an concept of the [[sign]] in his 'linguistic turn' in [[psychoanalysis]] during the 1950s, but subjects it to several modifications. Firstly, whereas [[Saussure]] posited the reciprocal implication between the a phonological element (or sound-[[signifierimage]] and the [[signified]] (they are as mutually interdependent as two sides of a sheet of paper), [[Lacan]] argues that the relation between [[signifier]] and [[signified]] is extremely unstable.
Secondly, [[Lacan]] asserts the [[existence]] of The two elements are linked by an order of 'pure signifiers', where [[signifier]]s exist prior to [[signified]]s; this [[order]] of purely logical [[structure]] is the [[unconsciousarbitrary]]but unbreakable bond.
This amounts to =====Saussurean Sign=====[[Saussure]] represented the [[sign]] by means of a destruction of diagram.<ref>[[Saussure|Saussure, Ferdinand de]]. (1916) ''[[Saussure|Course in General Linguistics]]'s concept ', ed. Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye, trans. Wade Baskin, Glasgow: Collins Fontana. p.114</ref> In this diagram, the line between the [[signified]] and the [[signifier]] represents union, the reciprocal implication of the two elements. ([[signSaussure]]; for put the [[Lacansignifier]], a and the [[languagesignified]] is not composed of in an ellipse which indicates [[signstructure|structural unity]]s but of the [[signifiersign]]s.)
====Saussurean algorithm=Jacques Lacan=====To illustrate [[Lacan]] takes up the contrast between his own views and those [[Saussure]]an concept of the [[Saussuresign]], in his "[[Lacanlinguistic]] replaces turn" in [[Saussurepsychoanalysis]]'s diagram of during the sign with an 1950s, but [[algorithmsubjects]] which, it to several modifications. During the 1950s [[Lacan]] argues, should be attributed began to make us of [[Saussure]] (and is thus now sometimes referred to as the 's [[Saussureconcepts]] but adapted [[them]]an algorithm').<ref>{{E}} pin important ways.149</ref>
The '''S''' stands for the =====Relation between Signifier and Signified=====Firstly, whereas [[signifierSaussure]], and the '''s''' for posited the reciprocal implication between [[signifiedsignifier]]; the position of the and [[signified]] and the (they are as mutually interdependent as two sides of a sheet of paper), [[signifierLacan]] is thus inverted, showing the primacy of argues that the relation between [[signifier]] (which is capitalised, whereas the and [[signifiersignified]] is reduced to mere lower-case italic)extremely unstable.
The arrows and =====Primacy of the circle are abolishedSignifier=====Secondly, representing [[Lacan]] asserts the [[absenceexistence]] of a stable or fixed relation between an order of "pure [[signifiers]]," where [[signifier]] and s [[exist]] prior to [[signified]]s; this [[order]] of purely [[logical]] [[structure]] is the [[unconscious]]. This amounts to a [[destruction]] of [[Saussure]]'s concept of the [[sign]]; for [[Lacan]], a [[language]] is not composed of [[sign]]s but of [[signifier]]s.
=====Saussurean algorithm=====[[Image:SAUSSUREANALGORITHM.gif|right|thumb|Saussurean algorithm|The Saussurean algorithm]] To illustrate the contrast between his own views and those of [[Saussure]], [[Lacan]] replaces [[Saussure]]'s diagram of the [[sign]] with an [[Saussurean algorithm|algorithm]] which, [[Lacan]] argues, should be attributed to [[Saussure]] -- and is thus now sometimes referred to as the "[[Saussure]]an algorithm."<ref>{{E}} p.149</ref> The '''S''' stands for the [[signifier]], and the '''s''' for the [[signified]]; the [[position]] of the [[signified]] and the [[signifier]] is thus inverted, showing the primacy of the [[signifier]] (which is capitalized, whereas the [[signifier]] is reduced to mere lower-[[case]] italic). The arrows and the circle are abolished, representing the [[absence]] of a [[stable]] or fixed relation between [[signifier]] and [[signified]]. The [[bar]] between the [[signifier]] and the [[signified]] no longer represents union but the [[resistance]] inherent in [[signification]]. For [[Lacan]], this [[algorithm]] defines "the [[topography]] of the [[unconscious]]."<ref>{{E}} p. 163</ref>
For [[Lacan]], this algorithm defines "the [[topography]] of the [[unconscious]]."<ref>{{E}} p.163</ref>  ==TwoSee Also=={{See}}According to * [[PeirceEnunciation]], the * [[signIndex]] is something which represents an object to some interpretant (the term 'object' can mean, for Peirce, a physical thing, an event, an idea, or another sign).  * [[PeirceLanguage]] [[divide]]s [[sign]]s into three classes: ||* '[[symbolMetaphor]]s', * '[[indicesMaterialism]]' and * '[[iconSignification]]s', which differ in the way they relate to the [[object]]. ||The * [[symbolSignified]] has no 'natural' or necessary relationship to the [[object]] it refers to, but is related to the [[object]] by a purely conventional rule. The * [[indexSignifying Chain]] has an 'existential relation' to the [[object]] it represents (i.e. the [[index]] is always spatially or temporally contiguous to the [[object]]).  The * [[iconShifter]] represents an [[object]] by exhibiting its form via similarity. ||* [[Peirce]]'s distinctions between [[icon]]s, [[indicesSubject]] and [[symbol]]s are analytical and not intended to be mutually exclusive.  Hence a * [[signSymbol]] will almost always function in a variety of modes; personal pronouns, for example, are [[sign]]s which function both symbolically and indexically. [[Lacan]] takes up [[Peirce]]'s concept of the [[index]] in order to distinguish between the [[psychoanalytic]] and medical concepts of the [[symptom]], and to distinguish between (animal) * [[codeSymptom]]s and (human) [[language]]s.  [[Lacan]] also develops the concept of the index along the lines set down by [[Roman Jakobson]] in the concept of the [[shifter]], to distinguish between the [[subject]] of the [[statement]] and the [[subject]] of the [[enunciation]].{{Also}}
== References ==
<div style="font-size:11px" class="references-small">
<references/>
* sign, 35, 54, 157, 207, 237, 245 [[Seminar XI]]</div>
[[Category:Linguistic theoryPsychoanalysis]][[Category:Jacques Lacan]][[Category:Linguistics]][[Category:Dictionary]][[Category:Language]]
[[Category:Symbolic]]
[[Category:Jacques LacanConcepts]]
[[Category:Terms]]
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