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==Sigmund Freud==
===Sexual Difference===
[[Freud]] first described the [[castration complex]] in 1908, arguing that the [[child]] - on discovering the [[biology|anatomical]] [[sexual difference|difference between the sexes]] -- the [[presence]] or [[absence]] of the [[penis]] - makes the assumption that this [[sexual difference|difference]] is due to the [[female]]'s [[penis]] having been cut off.<ref>{{F}} "[[Works of Sigmund Freud|On the Sexual Theories of Children]]". 1908. [[SE]] IX. p. 207</ref> In his view, the [[castration complex]] is the [[moment]] when one "[[castration complex|infantile theory]]" -- that every [[human]] [[being]] has a [[penis]] -- is replaced by a new one -- that [[female]]s have been [[castrated]]. The consequences of this new [[castration complex|infantile theory]] are different in the [[boy]] and in the [[girl]]. The [[boy]] fears that his own [[penis]] will be cut off by the [[father]] ([[castration]] [[anxiety]]), while the [[girl]] sees herself as already castrated (by the [[mother]]) and attempts to deny this or to compensate for it by seeking a [[child]] as a [[substitute]] for the [[penis]]. These [[unconscious]] representations, in [[phantasy]], cover over the lack at the heart of being in the Other and allow the subject to imagine (feel) as though they are special or fulfilled (not [[lacking]]). Fear of [[psychic]] castration is thus met with a phantasy which positions the subject as not lacking which props up the ego as being of central importance.
===Infantile TheoryPhallic Phase=== The [[Freudcastration complex]] first describes the affects both [[castration complexsex]] in 1908. The es because its [[childappearance]] -- on discovering is closely linked with the [[biologycastration complex|anatomicalphallic phase]] , a moment of [[sexual differencedevelopment|difference between the sexespsychosexual development]] -- when the [[presencechild]] or , whether [[absenseboy]] of the or [[penisgirl]] -- makes the assumption that this , [[sexual difference|differenceknows]] is due to the only one [[femalepenis|genital organ]]'s - the [[penismale]] having been cut off.<ref>{{F}} "On the Sexual Theories of Children. 1908one. This [[SEphase]] IX. p.207</ref> In his view, is also known as the [[castration complex|infantile genital organisation]] because it is the first moment when one "infantile theory" -- that every the [[human]] [[being]] has a [[penis]] -- is replaced by a new one -- that [[femaledrive|partial drive]]s have been are [[castratedunified]]. The consequences under the primacy of this new infantile theory are different in the [[boygenital]] and in organs. It thus anticipates the [[girlgenital|genital organisation]]. The proper which arises at [[boydevelopment|puberty]] fears that his own [[penis]] will be cut off by , when the [[fathersubject]] ([[castration]] [[anxiety]]), while is aware of both the [[girlmale]] sees herself as already castrated (by and the [[motherfemale]]) and attempts to deny this or to compensate for it by seeking a [[childbiology|sexual organ]] as a substitute for the s.<ref>{{F}} "[[penisWorks of Sigmund Freud|The Infantile Genital Organization]] (." 1923. [[penis envySE]])XIX. p. 141</ref>
===Oedipus Complex===
[[Freud]] argued that the [[castration complex]] is closely linked to the [[Oedipus complex]], but that its [[role]] in the [[Oedipus complex]] is different for the [[boy]] and the [[girl]]. In the [[case]] of the [[boy]], the [[castration complex]] is the point of exit from the [[Oedipus complex]], its terminal crisis; because of his [[fear]] of [[castration]] -- often aroused by a [[fear|threat]] -- the [[boy]] renounces his [[desire]] for the [[mother]] and thus enters the [[development|latency period]]. In the case of the [[girl]], the [[castration complex]] is the point of entry into the [[Oedipus complex]]; it is her resentment of the [[mother]], whom she blames for depriving her of the [[penis]], that causes her to redirect her [[libido|libidinal]] [[desire]]s away from the [[mother]] and onto the [[father]]. Because of this [[sexual difference|difference]], in the case of the [[girl]] the [[Oedipus complex]] has no definitive terminal crisis comparable to the [[boy]]'s.<ref>{{F}} "[[Works of Sigmund Freud|The Dissolution of the Oedipus Complex]]," 1924. [[SE]] XIX p. 173</ref>
==Jacques Lacan==
<!-- ===Fantasy of the Mutilation of the Penis=== -->
<!-- [[Lacan]] -- who talks more often [[about]] "[[castration]]" than the "[[castration complex]]" -- does not discuss the [[castration complex]] very much in his early [[work]]. He dedicates a few paragraphs to it in his article on the [[family]], where he follows [[Freud]] in [[stating]] that [[castration]] is first and foremost a [[fantasy]] of the mutilation of the [[penis]]. [[Lacan]] [[links]] this [[fantasy]] with a [[whole]] series of [[fantasy|fantasies]] of [[bodily]] dismemberment which originate in the [[image]] of the [[fragmented body]]; this [[image]] is contemporary with the [[mirror stage]] (six to eighteen months), and it is only much later that these [[fantasy|fantasies]] of dismemberment coalesce around the specific [[fantasy]] of [[castration]].<ref>{{1938}} p. 44</ref> -->
===Symbolic Lack of an Imaginary Object===It is not until the mid-1950s that the [[castration complex]] comes to play a prominent role in [[Lacan]] 's [[seminars|teaching]], primarily in [[the seminar of 1956-- who talks more often about 7]]. It is in this [[seminar]] that [[Lacan]] [[identifies]] [[castration complex|castration]] as one of [[three]] forms of "[[castrationlack|lack of object]]'" than , the "[[others]] being [[frustration]] and [[privation]]. Unlike [[frustration]] -- which is an [[imaginary]] [[lack]] of a [[real]] [[object]] -- and [[privation]] -- which is a [[real]] [[lack]] of a [[symbolic]] [[object]], [[castration complex|castration]] is defined by [[Lacan]] as a [[symbolic]] [[lack]] of an [[imaginary]] [[object]]; [[castration complex|castration]]" -- does not discuss bear on the [[penis]] as a [[real]] [[biology|organ]], but on the [[imaginary]] [[phallus]].<ref>{{S4}} p. 219</ref> [[Lacan]]'s account of the [[castration complex]] very much in his early work. is thus raised out of the [[dimension]] of simple [[biology]] or [[biology|anatomy]]:
===Oedipus Complex===Following [[LacanFreud]] links this , [[fantasyLacan]] with a whole series of fantasies of bodily dismemberment which originate in argues that the [[imagecastration complex]] of is the [[fragmented body]]; this image is contemporary with pivot on which the whole [[mirror stageOedipus complex]] (six to eighteen months), and it is only much later that these fantasies of dismemberment coalesce around the specific fantasy of castrationturns.<ref>{{LS4}} 1938. p.44216</ref> -- It is not until the mid-1950s However, whereas [[Freud]] argues that the castration these two [[complex comes to play a prominent role ]]es are articulated differently in Lacan'[[boy]]s and [[girl]]s teaching, primarily in [[Lacan]] argues that the [[castration complex]] always denotes the seminar final moment of 1956-7the [[Oedipus complex]] in both [[sexes]].
<!-- ==Two Operations== -->
<!-- From this account of the [[Oedipus complex]], it is clear that [[Lacan]] uses the term "[[castration]]" to refer to two different operations. -->
<!-- ===Castration of the Mother===
<!-- [[Lacan]] often uses the term "[[castration complex|castration]]" to [[speak]] of the [[castration complex|castration]] -- or, more precisely, the "[[privation]]" -- of the [[mother]]. In the [[first time]] of the [[Oedipus complex]], "the mother is considered, by both sexes, as possessing the phallus, as the [[phallic]] mother."<ref>{{E}} p.282</ref> By promulgating the [[incest taboo]] in the [[second time]], the [[imaginary]] [[father]] is seen to deprive her of this [[phallus]]. However, [[Lacan]] himself often uses these [[terms]] interchangeably, speaking both of the [[privation]] of the [[mother]] and of her [[castration complex|castration]].
<!-- ===Castration of [[the Subject]]=== -->
<!-- This is [[castration complex|castration]] proper, in the [[sense]] of being a [[symbolic]] [[act]] which bears on an [[imaginary]] [[object]]. Whereas the [[castration complex|castration]]/[[privation]] of the [[mother]] which comes about in the second time of the [[Oedipus complex]] negates the verb "to have" -- the [[mother]] does not have the [[phallus]], the [[castration complex|castration]] of the [[subject]] in the [[third time]] of the [[Oedipus complex]] negates the verb "to be" -- the [[subject]] must [[renounce]] his attempts to be the [[phallus]] for the [[mother]]. -->
<!--====Lack==== -->On a more fundamental level, the term [[castration complex|castration]] may also refer not to an "operation" -- the result of an [[intervention]] by the [[imaginary]] or [[real]] [[father]] -- but to a [[state]] of [[lack]] which already [[exists]] in the [[mother]] prior to the [[subject]]'s [[birth]]. This [[lack]] is evident in her own [[desire]], which the [[subject]] perceives as a [[desire]] for the [[imaginary]] [[phallus]]. That is, the [[subject]] realises at a very early [[stage]] that the [[mother]] is not [[lack|complete]] and [[autonomy|self-sufficient]] in herself, nor fully [[satisfied]] with her [[child]] (the [[subject]] himself), but [[desire]]s something else. This is the [[subject]]'s first [[perception]] that the [[Other]] is not [[lack|complete]] but [[lack]]ing.
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====Perversion====
A more radical [[defense]] against [[castration complex|castration]] than [[repression]] is [[disavowal]], which is at the root of the [[perversion|perverse]] [[structure]].
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====Psychosis====
The [[psychotic]] takes the most extreme path of all; he completely repudiates [[castration complex|castration]], as if it had never existed.<ref>{{S1}} p. 53</ref> This repudiation of [[castration complex|symbolic castration]] leads to the return of [[castration complex|castration]] in the [[real]], such as in the form of [[hallucinations]] of [[fragmented body|dismemberment]] (as in the case of the [[Wolf Man]]) or even self-mutilation of the [[real]] [[genital|genital organ]]s.
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===Castration and Sexual Identity===
It is only by assuming [[castration complex|castration]] (in both senses) that the [[subject]] can take up a [[sexual difference|sexual position]] as a [[man]] or a [[woman]]. The different modalities of refusing [[castration complex|castration]] find expression in the various forms of [[perversion]].
-->
==See Also==
{{See}}
* [[Absence]]
* [[Biology]]
* [[Desire]]
* [[Development]]
||
* [[Drive]]
* [[Fantasy]]
* [[Father]]
* [[Frustration]]
||
* [[Lack]]
* [[Mother]]
* [[Neurosis]]
* [[Oedipus complex]]
||
* [[Penis]]
* [[Perversion]]
* [[Phallus]]
* [[Privation]]||* [[Psychosis]]* [[Sexual difference]]* [[Structure]]* [[Treatment]]{{Also}}
==References==
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</div>[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
[[Category:Jacques Lacan]]
[[Category:TermsSexuality]][[Category:DictionaryDevelopment]]
[[Category:Treatment]]
[[Category:Practice]]
[[Category:Dictionary]]
[[Category:Concepts]]
[[Category:PsychoanalysisTerms]]{{OK}}