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== ''Pulsion de mort'' ==In ''Beyond the Pleasure Principle'' (1920) Freud Here he established a fundamental opposited opposition between [[death drive|life and drives drive]]s (''[[eros]]''), conceived of as a tendency towards [[cohesion ]] and [[unity]], and the [[death drivesdrive]]s, which operate in the opposite direction, [[undoing ]] connections and destroying things. However the life drives and the death drives are never found in a pure state, but always mixed/fused together in differing proportions. Indeed, Freud argued that were it not for this fusuion with rotism, the death drive would elude our perception, since in itself it is silent.<ref>Freud 1930a: Se XXI, 120</ref>

The ==Jacques Lacan=====Psychoanalysis===[[Lacan]] follows [[Freud]] in reaffirming the concept of the [[death drive was one of ]] as central to [[psychoanalysis]]: <blockquote>"To ignore the most controversial concepts introduced by Freud, and many of [[death instinct]] in his disciplies rejected it, but [Freud continued 's] [[doctrine]] is to reaffirm the concept for the rest of his lifemisunderstand that doctrine entirely."<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref></blockquote>

===Nostalgia===In [[Lacan follows Freud in reaffirming the concept of ]]'s first remarks on the [[death drive ]], in 1938, he describes it as central a [[nostalgia]] for a [[preoedipal|lost harmony]], a [[desire]] to [[return]] to psychoanalysis. "To ignore the death instinct in his [Freud[preoedipal|preoedipal fusion]] with the [[mother]]'s[[breast]], the [[castration|loss]] doctrine of which is to misunderstand that doctrine entirelymarked on the [[psyche]] in the [[complex|weaning complex]].'<ref> e 310{{1938}} p. 35</ref>

===Narcissism===In Lacan's first remarks on 1946 he [[links]] the [[death drive, in 1938, he describes it as a nostalgia for a lost harmony, a desire to return ]] to the preoedipal fusion with the mother's breast, the loss [[narcissism|suicidal tendency]] of which is marked on the psyche in the weaning complex[[narcissism]].<ref>{{Ec}} p. 186</ref>.

In 1946 he links By linking the [[death drive ]] with the [[preoedipal phase]] and with [[narcissism]], these early remarks would [[place]] the [[death drive]] in what [[Lacan]] later comes to call the suicidal tendency of narcissism[[imaginary order]].

However when Lacan begins to develop his concept ===Repetition===In the [[seminar]] of the three orders1954-5, in the 1950sfor example, he does not situate the death drive in the imaginary but in the symbolic.He argues that th the [[death drive ]] is simply the fundamental tendency of the [[symbolic order ]] to produce [[repetition]].:

<blockquote>"the The [[death drive|death instinct ]] is only the mask of the [[symbolic order]]."<ref>s2 {{S2}} p. 326</ref></blockquote>

===Biological Instincts===This shift also marks a [[difference ]] with [[Freud]], for whom the [[death drive ]] was closely bound up with biiology[[biology]], representing the fundamental tendency of every [[living ]] [[thing ]] to return to an inorganic [[state]].

by By situating the [[death drive ]] firmly in the [[symbolic ]], [[Lacan ]] articulates it with cultural [[culture]] rather than [[nature]]; he states that the [[death drive ]] "is not a question of biology," <ref>{{E}} p. 102</ref>, and must be distinguished from the [[biological ]] [[instinct ]] to return to the inanimate.<ref>E 102; s7 {{S7}} p. 211-12</ref>

Another difference between [[Freud]] opposed the [[death drive]] to the [[sexual]] [[drive]]s, but now [[Lacan's concept of ]] argues that the [[death drive and Freud's emerges ]] is not a [[separate]] [[drive]], but is in 1964fact an aspect of every [[drive]].

Freud opposed <blockquote>"The [[distinction]] between the [[death drive to the sexual drives, but now Lacan argues that |life drive]] and the [[death drive ]] is not a separate drive, but is - [[true]] in fact an aspect as much as it manifests two aspects of every the [[drive]]."<ref>{{S11}} p. 257</ref></blockquote> Hence [[Lacan ]] writes that "every [[drive ]] is virutally virtually a [[death drive]]" because :# every [[drive pursures ]] pursues its own extinction, # every [[drive]] involves the [[subject ]] in [[repetition]], and constitutes # every [[drive]] is an attempt to go beyond the [[pleasure principle]], to the realm of excss [[excess]] ''[[jouissance]]'' where [[enjoyment ]] is experienced as [[sadism|suffering]].<ref>{{Ec}} p. 844</ref> ==See Also=={{See}}* [[Biology]]* [[Death]]||* [[Drive]]* [[Imaginary]]||* [[Instinct]]* ''[[Jouissance]]''||* [[Kleinian psychoanalysis]]* [[Narcissism]]||* [[Nature]]* [[Pleasure principle]]||* [[Repetition]]* [[Symbolic]]{{Also}} ==References==<div style="font-size:11px" class="references-small"><references/></div> [[Category:Freudian psychology]][[Category:Psychoanalysis]][[Category:Symbolic]][[Category:Real]][[Category:Subject]][[Category:Jacques Lacan]][[Category:Dictionary]][[Category:Concepts]][[Category:Terms]] __NOTOC__