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Drive
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{| align="[[driveright]]" (style="margin-left:10px;line-height:2.0em;text-align:justify;background-color:#fcfcfc;border:1px solid #aaa" | [[FrFrench]. ]: ''[[pulsion]]''; |-| [[GerGerman]]. : ''[[Trieb]]''){{Bottom}}
==Drive and Instinct=====Sigmund Freud===[[Freud]]'s [[concept ]] of the [[drive]] (''[[Trieb]]'') is central to his [[theory ]] of [[human]] [[sexuality]]; it lies at the heart of his theory of [[sexuality]].
For [[Freud]], the distinctive feature of [[human]] [[sexuality]] -- as opposed to the [[sexual ]] [[life ]] of other animals -- is that it is not regulated by any [[instinct]] -- a concept which implies a relatively fixed and innate [[relationship ]] to an [[object ]] -- but by the [[drive]]s -- which differ from [[instinct]]s in that they are extremely variable, and develop in ways which are [[contingent ]] on the life [[history ]] of the [[subject]].
===Jacques Lacan===[[Lacan]] insists on maintaining the [[Freud]]ian [[distinction]] between [[drive]] and [[instinct]].<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref>
Whereas [[Lacan]] insists on maintaining the [[Freud]]ian distinction between ''[[Triebinstinct]]'' ('denotes a [[drivemythical]]') and ''[[Instinktlinguistic|pre-linguistic]]'' ('[[instinctneed]]'), and criticizes James Strachey for obliterating this distinction by translating both terms as "the [[instinctdrive]]" in is completely removed from the ''realm of [[Standard Editionbiology]]''.<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref>
Thus the [[Lacanreal]] argues that the purpose of the [[drive]] (''Triebziel'') is not to reach a ''some mythical goal'' ( a final destination) of [[full]] [[satisfaction]], but to follow [[return]] to its ''aim'' (circular path, and [[The Real|the way itself), which real]] source of [[enjoyment]] is to circle round the [[objectrepetition|repetitive movement]]of this closed circuit.<ref>{{S11}} p.168</ref>
The [[drive]] cannot therefore be conceived of as "some ultimate given, something archaic, primordial."<ref>{{S11}} p.162</ref>
It is a thoroughly [[culture|cultural ]] and [[symbolic ]] [[construct]].
[[Lacan]] thus empties the concept of the [[drive]] of the lingering references in [[Freud]]'s [[work ]] to energetics and hydraulics.
==The Circuit of the Drive==[[Lacan]] incorporates the four elements of the [[drive ]] in his theory of the [[drive]]'s circuit.
In this circut, the [[drive]] originates in an [[erogenous zone]].
This circuit is [[structured ]] by the [[three ]] [[grammatical ]] voices.
# The [[active ]] [[voice ]] (e.g. to see)
# The reflexive voice (e.g. to see oneself)
# The [[passive ]] voice (e.g. to be seen) ---
===Activity and Passivity===The firs first of these two [[times ]] (active and reflexive voices) are autoerotic; they [[lack ]] a [[subject]].
Only in the [[third ]] [[time ]] (the passive voice), when the [[drive]] completes its circuit, does "a new subject" appear (which is to say that before this time, there was [[No Subject|no subject]]).
Although the [[third time ]] is the passive voice, the [[drive]] is always essentially active, which is why [[Lacan]] writes that the third time not as "to be seen" but as "to make oneself be seen."
Even supposedly "passive" phases of the [[drive]] such as [[masochism]] involve [[activity]].<ref>{{S11}} p.200</ref>
The circuit of the [[drivdrive]] is the only way for the [[subject]] to [[transgress ]] the [[pleasure principle]].
==The Partial Nature of the Drives==[[Freud]] argued that [[sexuality ]] is composed of a [[number ]] of [[drive|partial drives ]] ([[Ger]]. ''[[drive|Partieltrieb]]'') such as the [[drive|oral drive ]] and the [[drive|anal drive]], each specified by a different source (a different [[erotogenic ]] zone).
At first these component [[drive]]s function anarchically and independently (viz. the '"[[polymorphous perversity' ]]" of [[children]]), but in [[puberty ]] they become organized and fused together under the priamcy of the [[genital ]] organs.<ref>{{F}} p.1905d.</ref>
===Differences between Freud and Lacan===[[Lacan]] emphasizes the partial [[nature ]] of all [[drive]]s, but differs from [[Freud]] on two points:
: He thus challenges the [[notion]], put forward by some [[psychoanalysts]] after [[Freud]], of a [[Lacangenital drive]] rejects the idea that in which the partial drives can ever attain any complete organization or fusion, aruging that the priamcy of the genital zone, if achieved, is always are completely integrated in a highly precarious affair[[harmonious]] relation.
===The Four Partial Drives===[[Lacan]] argues that [[identifies]] four partial drives: the [[drive|oral drive]]s are partial, not in the sense that thy are parts of a whole (a 'genital [[drive|anal drive')]], but in the sense that they only represent sexuality partially; they do not represent [[drive|scopic drive]], and the reproductive function of sexuality but only the dimension of enjoyment.<ref>{{S11}} p[[drive|invocatory drive]].204</ref>
Each of these [[drive]]s is specified by a different [[partial object]] and a different [[erogenous zone]].
The first two [[drive]]s relate to [[demand]], whereas the second pair relate to [[desire]].
{| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"|+ '''[[:Image:Lacan-tablepartialdrives.jpg|Table of partial drives]]'''<BR>! align="center" | !! align="center" | [[Partial drive|PARTIAL DRIVE]] !! align="center" | EROGENOUS ZONE !! align="center" | [[Partial Object|PARTIAL OBJECT]] !! align="center" | VERB|-| align="center" | D| align="center" | [[Oral]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Lips]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Breast]] || align="center" | To suck|-| align="center" | D| align="center" | [[Anal]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Anus]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Faeces]] || align="center" | To shit|-| align="center" | d| align="center" | [[Scopic]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Eyes]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Gaze]] || align="center" | To see|-| align="center" | d| align="center" | [[Invocatory]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Ears]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Voice]] || align="center" | To hear|}
==The Dualism of the Drives=====Sigmund Freud: Life and Death===Throughout the various reformulations of drive--theory in [[Freud]]'s work, one constant feature is a basic [[dualism]].
This formula is to be read: the opposition was problematized by [[bar]]ed [[subjectFreud]] 's growing realization, in relation to [[demand]]the period 1914-20, that the fading of the [[subject]] before the insistence of a [[demand]] that persists without any [[conscious]] [[intentiondrive|ego-drive]] to sustain its are themselves sexual.
[[LacanDesire]] argues that it is important to retain [[Freud]]'s dualism, one and rejects the monism of [[Jung]]undivided, who argued that all psychic forces could be reduced to one single concept of psychic energy.<ref>{{S1}} p.118-20</ref> However, [[Lacan]] prefers to reconceptualize this dualism in terms of an opposition between whereas the [[symbolic]] and the [[imaginary]], and not in terms of an oppositio between different kinds of [[drive]]s. Thus, for [[Lacan]], all [[drive]]s are sexual drives, and every partial manifestations of [[drivedesire]] is a [[death drive]] since every [[drive]] is excessive, repetitive, and ultimately destructive.<ref>{{Ec}} p.848</ref>