Changes

{| align="[[driveright]]" (style="margin-left:10px;line-height:2.0em;text-align:justify;background-color:#fcfcfc;border:1px solid #aaa" | [[FrFrench]. ]: ''[[pulsion]]''; |-| [[GerGerman]]. : ''[[Trieb]]''){{Bottom}}

==Drive and Instinct=====Sigmund Freud===[[Freud]]'s [[concept ]] of the [[drive]] (''[[Trieb]]'') is central to his [[theory ]] of [[human]] [[sexuality]]; it lies at the heart of his theory of [[sexuality]].

For [[Freud]], the distinctive feature of [[human]] [[sexuality]] -- as opposed to the [[sexual ]] [[life ]] of other animals -- is that it is not regulated by any [[instinct]] -- a concept which implies a relatively fixed and innate [[relationship ]] to an [[object ]] -- but by the [[drive]]s -- which differ from [[instinct]]s in that they are extremely variable, and develop in ways which are [[contingent ]] on the life [[history ]] of the [[subject]].

===Jacques Lacan===[[Lacan]] insists on maintaining the [[Freud]]ian [[distinction]] between [[drive]] and [[instinct]].<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref>

Whereas [[Lacan]] insists on maintaining the [[Freud]]ian distinction between ''[[Triebinstinct]]'' ('denotes a [[drivemythical]]') and ''[[Instinktlinguistic|pre-linguistic]]'' ('[[instinctneed]]'), and criticizes James Strachey for obliterating this distinction by translating both terms as "the [[instinctdrive]]" in is completely removed from the ''realm of [[Standard Editionbiology]]''.<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref>

Whereas "====Aim of the Drive====The [[drive]]s differ from [[instinctbiological]]" denotes a mythical pre-linguistic [[need]], the s in that they can never be [[drivesatisfied]] is completely removed from the realm of , and do not aim at an [[biologyobject]]but rather circle perpetually round it.

The [[driveLacan]] argues that the [[purpose]]s differ from of the [[biologicaldrive]] (''[[needTriebziel]]s in that they can never be satisfied, and do '') is not aim at an to reach a ''[[objectgoal]] '' (a final destination) but rather to follow its ''aim'' (the way itself), which is to circle perpetually round itthe [[object]].<ref>{{S11}} p.168</ref>

Thus the [[Lacanreal]] argues that the purpose of the [[drive]] (''Triebziel'') is not to reach a ''some mythical goal'' ( a final destination) of [[full]] [[satisfaction]], but to follow [[return]] to its ''aim'' (circular path, and [[The Real|the way itself), which real]] source of [[enjoyment]] is to circle round the [[objectrepetition|repetitive movement]]of this closed circuit.<ref>{{S11}} p.168</ref>

Thus the real purpose of the [[drive]] is not some mythical goal of full satisfaction, but to return to its circular path, ====Drive as Cultural and the real source of [[enjoyment]] is the repetitive movement of this closed circuit.  ----Symbolic Construct====[[Lacan]] reminds his readers that [[Freud]] defined the [[drive]] as a montage composed of four discontinuous elements, : the pressure, the end, the object and the source.

It is a thoroughly [[culture|cultural ]] and [[symbolic ]] [[construct]].

[[Lacan]] thus empties the concept of the [[drive]] of the lingering references in [[Freud]]'s [[work ]] to energetics and hydraulics.

==The Circuit of the Drive==[[Lacan]] incorporates the four elements of the [[drive ]] in his theory of the [[drive]]'s circuit.

This circuit is [[structured ]] by the [[three ]] [[grammatical ]] voices.

# The [[active ]] [[voice ]] (e.g. to see)

# The [[passive ]] voice (e.g. to be seen) ---

===Activity and Passivity===The first of these two [[times ]] (active and reflexive voices) are autoerotic; they [[lack ]] a [[subject]].

Only in the [[third ]] [[time ]] (the passive voice), when the [[drive]] completes its circuit, does "a new subject" appear (which is to say that before this time, there was [[No Subject|no subject]]).

Although the [[third time ]] is the passive voice, the [[drive]] is always essentially active, which is why [[Lacan]] writes that the third time not as "to be seen" but as "to make oneself be seen."

The circuit of the [[drive]] is the only way for the [[subject]] to [[transgress ]] the [[pleasure principle]].

==The Partial Nature of the Drives==[[Freud]] argued that [[sexuality ]] is composed of a [[number ]] of [[drive|partial drives ]] ([[Ger]]. ''[[drive|Partieltrieb]]'') such as the [[drive|oral drive ]] and the [[drive|anal drive]], each specified by a different source (a different [[erotogenic ]] zone).

At first these component [[drive]]s function anarchically and independently (viz. the '"[[polymorphous perversity' ]]" of [[children]]), but in [[puberty ]] they become organized and fused together under the priamcy of the [[genital ]] organs.<ref>{{F}} p.1905d.</ref>

===Differences between Freud and Lacan===[[Lacan]] emphasizes the partial [[nature ]] of all [[drive]]s, but differs from [[Freud]] on two points:

: He thus challenges the [[notion]], put forward by some [[psychoanalysts]] after [[Freud]], of a [[Lacangenital drive]] rejects the idea that in which the partial drives can ever attain any complete organization or fusion, aruging that the priamcy of the genital zone, if achieved, is always are completely integrated in a highly precarious affair[[harmonious]] relation.

He thus challenges # [[Lacan]] argues that the notion[[drive]]s are partial, put forward by some psychoanalysts after not in the [[Freudsense]], that thy are parts of a [[whole]] (a 'genital drive '), but in which the partial drives are completely integrated in a harmonious relationsense that they only [[represent]] sexuality partially; they do not represent the [[reproductive]] function of sexuality but only the [[dimension]] of enjoyment.<ref>{{S11}} p.204</ref>

===The Four Partial Drives===[[Lacan]] argues that [[identifies]] four partial drives: the [[drive|oral drive]]s are partial, not in the sense that thy are parts of a whole (a 'genital [[drive|anal drive')]], but in the sense that they only represent sexuality partially; they do not represent [[drive|scopic drive]], and the reproductive function of sexuality but only the dimension of enjoyment.<ref>{{S11}} p[[drive|invocatory drive]].204</ref>

{| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"|+ '''[[:Image:Lacan-tablepartialdrives.jpg|Table of partial drives]]'''<BR>! align="center" | !! align="center" | [[Partial drive|PARTIAL DRIVE]] !! align="center" | EROGENOUS ZONE !! align="center" | [[Partial Object|PARTIAL OBJECT]] !! align="center" | VERB|-| align="center" | D| align="center" | [[Oral]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Lips]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Breast]] || align="center" | To suck|-| align="center" | D| align="center" | [[Anal]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Anus]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Faeces]] || align="center" | To shit|-| align="center" | d| align="center" | [[Scopic]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Eyes]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Gaze]] || align="center" | To see|-| align="center" | d| align="center" | [[Invocatory]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Ears]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Voice]] || align="center" | To hear|}

Each ==The Lacanian Matheme for the Drive==In 1957, in the context of these drives is specified by a different the [[partial objectgraph of desire]], [[Lacan]] proposes the [[formula]] ('''S <> D''') as the [[matheme]] for the [[drive]] and a different erogenous zone.

==The Dualism of the Drives=====Sigmund Freud: Life and Death===Throughout the various reformulations of drive--theory in [[Freud]]'s work, one constant feature is a basic [[dualism]].

In 1957, At first this dualism was conceived in the context [[terms]] of an opposition between the [[graph of desiredrive|sexual drive]]s (''[[drive|Sexualtriebe]]'') on the one hand, and the [[Lacandrive|ego-drive]] proposes the formula s (''[[drive|Ichtriebe]]'S''' <> D) as the or [[mathemedrive|drives of self-preservation]] for the (''[[drive|Selbsterhaltungstriebe]]'') on the other.

This formula is to be read: the opposition was problematized by [[bar]]ed [[subjectFreud]] 's growing realization, in relation to [[demand]]the period 1914-20, that the fading of the [[subject]] before the insistence of a [[demand]] that persists without any [[conscious]] [[intentiondrive|ego-drive]] to sustain its are themselves sexual.

Throughout the various reformulations of drive-theory in ===Jacques Lacan: Symbolic and Imaginary===[[Lacan]] argues that it is important to retain [[Freud]]'s workdualism, and rejects the monism of [[Jung]], who argued that all [[psychic]] forces could be reduced to one constant feature is a basic dualismsingle concept of psychic [[energy]].<ref>{{S1}} p.118-20</ref>

At first However, [[Lacan]] prefers to reconceptualize this dualism was conceived in terms of an opposition between the sexual drives (''Sexualtriebe'') on [[symbolic]] and the one hand[[imaginary]], and the ego-drives (''Ichtriebe'') or drives not in terms of an opposition between different kinds of self-preservation (''Selbsterhaltungstriebe'') on the other[[drive]]s.

This opposition was problematized by Thus, for [[FreudLacan]], all [[drive]]s are [[drive|sexual drive]]'s growing realization, in the period 1914-20and every [[drive]] is a [[death drive]] since every [[drive]] is excessive, [[repetition|repetitive]], that th ego-drives are themselves sexualand ultimately destructive.<ref>{{Ec}} p.848</ref>

He was thus led to reconceptualize the dualism of the ==Drive and Desire==The [[drive]]s are closely related to [[desire]]; both originate in terms the field of an opposition between the life drives (''Lebenstriebe'') and [[subject]], as opposed to the [[death drive|genital drive]]s , which (''Todostriebe''if it [[exists]])finds its [[form]] on the side of the [[Other]].<ref>{{S11}} p.189</ref>

[[LacanDesire]] argues that it is important to retain [[Freud]]'s dualism, one and rejects the monism of [[Jung]]undivided, who argued that all psychic forces could be reduced to one single concept of psychic energy.<ref>{{S1}} p.118-20</ref> However, [[Lacan]] prefers to reconceptualize this dualism in terms of an opposition between whereas the [[symbolic]] and the [[imaginary]], and not in terms of an oppositio between different kinds of [[drive]]s. Thus, for [[Lacan]], all [[drive]]s are sexual drives, and every partial manifestations of [[drivedesire]] is a [[death drive]] since every [[drive]] is excessive, repetitive, and ultimately destructive.<ref>{{Ec}} p.848</ref>

The [[drive]]s are closely related to [[desire]]; both originate in the field of the [[subject]], as opposed to the genital drive, which (if it exists) finds its form on the side of the [[Other]].==References==<refdiv style="font-size:11px" class="references-small">{{S11}} p.189<references/ref></div>

However, the [[driveCategory:Psychoanalysis]][[Category:Jacques Lacan]] is not merley anothe rname for [[desireCategory:Science]][[Category: they are the partial aspects in which Real]][desire[Category:Dictionary]][[Category:Concepts]][[Category:Terms]] is realized.{{OK}}