drive ({| align="[[right]]" style="margin-left:10px;line-height:2.0em;text-align:justify;background-color:#fcfcfc;border:1px solid #aaa" | [[French]]: ''[[pulsion) Freud]]''|-| [[German]]: ''s concept of the drive ([[Trieb) lies at the heart of{{Bottom}}
his theory of sexuality. For Freud, the distinctive feature of human sexuality,
as opposed ==Drive and Instinct=====Sigmund Freud===[[Freud]]'s [[concept]] of the [[drive]] is central to his [[theory]] of [[human]] [[sexuality]]; it lies at the sexual life heart of other animals, is that it is not regulated by anyhis theory of [[sexuality]].
INSTINCT (For [[Freud]], the distinctive feature of [[human]] [[sexuality]] -- as opposed to the [[sexual]] [[life]] of other animals -- is that it is not regulated by any [[instinct]] -- a concept which implies a relatively fixed and innate [[relationship ]] toan [[object]] -- but by the [[drive]]s -- which differ from [[instinct]]s in that they are extremely variable, and develop in ways which are [[contingent]] on the life [[history]] of the [[subject]].
an object) but by ===Jacques Lacan===[[Lacan]] insists on maintaining the drives, which differ from instincts in that they are[[Freud]]ian [[distinction]] between [[drive]] and [[instinct]].<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref>
extremely variableWhereas [[instinct]] denotes a [[mythical]] [[linguistic|pre-linguistic]] [[need]], and develop in ways which are contingent on the life[[drive]] is completely removed from the realm of [[biology]].
history ====Aim of the subjectDrive====The [[drive]]s differ from [[biological]] [[need]]s in that they can never be [[satisfied]], and do not aim at an [[object]] but rather circle perpetually round it.
[[Lacan insists on maintaining ]] argues that the Freudian distinction between Trieb[[purpose]] of the [[drive]] (''[[Triebziel]]'') is not to reach a ''[[goal]]'' (a final destination) but to follow its ''aim'' (the way itself), which is to circle round the [[object]].<ref>{{S11}} p.168</ref>
('Thus the [[real]] purpose of the [[drive') and Instinkt ('instinct')]] is not some mythical goal of [[full]] [[satisfaction]], but to [[return]] to its circular path, and criticises James Strachey for obliterat-[[The Real|the real]] source of [[enjoyment]] is the [[repetition|repetitive movement]] of this closed circuit.
ing this distinction by translating both terms ====Drive as 'instinct' in Cultural and Symbolic Construct====[[Lacan]] reminds his readers that [[Freud]] defined the Standard[[drive]] as a montage composed of four discontinuous elements: the pressure, the end, the object and the source.
Edition (EThe [[drive]] cannot therefore be conceived of as "some ultimate given, 301)something archaic, primordial. Whereas 'instinct' denotes a mythical pre-linguistic NEED,"<ref>{{S11}} p.162</ref>
the drive It is completely removed from the realm of BIOLOGYa thoroughly [[culture|cultural]] and [[symbolic]] [[construct]]. The drives differ
.from biological needs [[Lacan]] thus empties the concept of the [[drive]] of the lingering references in that they can never be satisfied, [[Freud]]'s [[work]] to energetics and do not aim at anhydraulics.
object but rather circle perpetually round it. Lacan argues that the purpose of
-==The Circuit of the Drive==[[Lacan]] incorporates the four elements of the [[drive]] in his theory of the [[drive (Triebziel) is not to reach a goal (a final destination) but to follow its]]'s circuit.
aim (the way itself)In this circut, which is to circle round the object (Sll, 168)[[drive]] originates in an [[erogenous zone]]. Thus the
real purpose of This circuit is [[structured]] by the drive is not some mythical goal of full satisfaction, but to[[three]] [[grammatical]] voices.
# The [[active]] [[voice]] (e.g. to see)
# The reflexive voice (e.g. to see oneself)
# The [[passive]] voice (e.g. to be seen)
===Activity and Passivity===
The first of these two [[times]] (active and reflexive voices) are autoerotic; they [[lack]] a [[subject]].
return to Only in the [[third]] [[time]] (the passive voice), when the [[drive]] completes its circular pathcircuit, and the real source of enjoyment does "a new subject" appear (which is the repetitiveto say that before this time, there was [[No Subject|no subject]]).
movement of this closed circuitAlthough the [[third time]] is the passive voice, the [[drive]] is always essentially active, which is why [[Lacan]] writes that the third time not as "to be seen" but as "to make oneself be seen."
Lacan reminds his readers that Freud defined Even supposedly "passive" phases of the [[drive ]] such as a montage[[masochism]] involve [[activity]].<ref>{{S11}} p.200</ref>
composed The circuit of four discontinuous elements: the pressure, [[drive]] is the end, only way for the object[[subject]] to [[transgress]] the [[pleasure principle]].
and the source. The drive cannot therefore be conceived of as 'some ultimate
given==The Partial Nature of the Drives==[[Freud]] argued that [[sexuality]] is composed of a [[number]] of [[drive|partial drives]] ([[Ger]]. ''[[drive|Partieltrieb]]'') such as the [[drive|oral drive]] and the [[drive|anal drive]], something archaic, primordial' each specified by a different source (Sll, 162a different [[erotogenic]] zone); it is a thoroughly cultural.
At first these component [[drive]]s function anarchically and symbolic constructindependently (viz. Lacan thus empties the concept "[[polymorphous perversity]]" of [[children]]), but in [[puberty]] they become organized and fused together under the drive priamcy of the[[genital]] organs.<ref>{{F}} p.1905d.</ref>
lingering references in ===Differences between Freud'and Lacan===[[Lacan]] emphasizes the partial [[nature]] of all [[drive]]s work to energetics and hydraulics., but differs from [[Freud]] on two points:
# [[Lacan incorporates ]] rejects the four elements of [[idea]] that the partial drives can ever attain any [[complete]] organization or fusion, aruging that the drive in his theory priamcy of the drive'sgenital zone, if achieved, is always a highly precarious affair.
'circuit'. In this circuit: He thus challenges the [[notion]], put forward by some [[psychoanalysts]] after [[Freud]], of a [[genital drive]] in which the drive originates partial drives are completely integrated in an erogenous zone, circles round -a [[harmonious]] relation.
# [[Lacan]] argues that the object[[drive]]s are partial, and then returns to not in the erogenous zone[[sense]] that thy are parts of a [[whole]] (a 'genital drive'), but in the sense that they only [[represent]] sexuality partially; they do not represent the [[reproductive]] function of sexuality but only the [[dimension]] of enjoyment.<ref>{{S11}} p. This circuit is structured by -204</ref>
the three grammatical voices
===The Four Partial Drives===
[[Lacan]] [[identifies]] four partial drives: the [[drive|oral drive]], the [[drive|anal drive]], the [[drive|scopic drive]], and the [[drive|invocatory drive]].
Each of these [[drive]]s is specified by a different [[partial object]] and a different [[erogenous zone]].
1 The active voice (e.gfirst two [[drive]]s relate to [[demand]], whereas the second pair relate to [[desire]]. to see)
2 The reflexive voice (e{| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"|+ '''[[:Image:Lacan-tablepartialdrives.g. to jpg|Table of partial drives]]'''<BR>! align="center" | !! align="center" | [[Partial drive|PARTIAL DRIVE]] !! align="center" | EROGENOUS ZONE !! align="center" | [[Partial Object|PARTIAL OBJECT]] !! align="center" | VERB|-| align="center" | D| align="center" | [[Oral]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Lips]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Breast]] || align="center" | To suck|-| align="center" | D| align="center" | [[Anal]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Anus]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Faeces]] || align="center" | To shit|-| align="center" | d| align="center" | [[Scopic]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Eyes]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Gaze]] || align="center" | To see oneself)|-| align="center" | d| align="center" | [[Invocatory]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Ears]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Voice]] || align="center" | To hear|}
3 The passive voice (e.g. to be seen)
==The Lacanian Matheme for the Drive==
In 1957, in the context of the [[graph of desire]], [[Lacan]] proposes the [[formula]] ('''S <> D''') as the [[matheme]] for the [[drive]].
This formula is to be read: the [[bar]]ed [[subject]] in relation to [[demand]], the [[fading]] of the [[subject]] before the [[insistence]] of a [[demand]] that persists without any [[conscious]] [[intention]] to sustain it.
The first of these two times (active and reflexive voices) are autoerotic: they
lack a subject Only in the third time (==The Dualism of the passive voice), when Drives=====Sigmund Freud: Life and Death===Throughout the various reformulations of drive -theory in [[Freud]]'s work, one constant feature is a basic [[dualism]].
completes its circuitAt first this dualism was conceived in [[terms]] of an opposition between the [[drive|sexual drive]]s (''[[drive|Sexualtriebe]]'') on the one hand, does and the [[drive|ego-drive]]s (''a new subject[[drive|Ichtriebe]]' appear ') or [[drive|drives of self-preservation]] (which is to say that before''[[drive|Selbsterhaltungstriebe]]'') on the other.
this time, there This opposition was no subject: see S11problematized by [[Freud]]'s growing realization, 178). Although in the third time is period 1914-20, that the [[drive|ego-drive]]s are themselves sexual.
passive voice, He was thus led to reconceptualize the dualism of the [[drive]]s in terms of an opposition between the [[drive|life drive]]s (''[[drive|Lebenstriebe]]'') and the [[death drive]]s (''[[death drive is always essentially active, which is why Lacan writes -|Todestriebe]]'').
===Jacques Lacan: Symbolic and Imaginary===[[Lacan]] argues that it is important to retain [[Freud]]'s dualism, and rejects the third time not as 'to monism of [[Jung]], who argued that all [[psychic]] forces could be seen' but as 'reduced to make oneself be seen'one single concept of psychic [[energy]].<ref>{{S1}} p. Even 118-20</ref>
supposedly 'passive' phases However, [[Lacan]] prefers to reconceptualize this dualism in terms of an opposition between the [[symbolic]] and the [[imaginary]], and not in terms of an opposition between different kinds of [[drive such as masochism involve activity]]s.
(SllThus, 200). The circuit of the for [[Lacan]], all [[drive]]s are [[drive|sexual drive]]s, and every [[drive]] is a [[death drive]] since every [[drive ]] is the only way for the subject to transgressexcessive, [[repetition|repetitive]], and ultimately destructive.<ref>{{Ec}} p.848</ref>
==Drive and Desire==The [[drive]]s are closely related to [[desire]]; both originate in the pleasure principlefield of the [[subject]], as opposed to the [[drive|genital drive]], which (if it [[exists]]) finds its [[form]] on the side of the [[Other]].<ref>{{S11}} p.189</ref>
Freud argued that sexuality However, the [[drive]] is composed of a number of not merely [[another]] [[name]] for [[desire]]: they are the partial drives (Geraspects in which [[desire]] is realized.
Partieltrieb) such as the oral drive [[Desire]] is one and undivided, whereas the anal [[drive, each specified by a]]s are partial manifestations of [[desire]].
different source (a different erotogenic zone). At first these component drives==See Also=={{See}}* [[Biology]]* [[Death drive]]* [[Demand]]||* [[Desire]]* [[Instinct]]* [[Need]]||* [[Pleasure principle]]* [[Sexuality]]* [[Subject]]{{Also}}
function anarchically and independently (viz. the 'polymorphous perversity' of children), but in puberty they become organised and fused together under the primacy of the genital organs (Freud, 1905d). Lacan emphasises the partial nature of all drives, but differs from Freud on two points. 1. .Lacan rejects the idea that the partial drives can ever attain any complete organisation or fusion, arguing that the primacy of the genital zone, if achieved, is always a highly precarious affair. He thus challenges the notion, put forward by some psychoanalysts after Freud, of a genital drive in which the partial drives are completely integrated in a harmonious fashion. 2. Lacan argues that the drives are partial, not in the sense that they are parts of a whole (a 'genital drive'), but in the sense that they only represent sexuality partially; they do not represent the reproductive function of sexuality but only the dimension of enjoyment (Sll, 204). Lacan identifies four partial drives: the oral drive, the anal drive, the scopic PARTIAL EROGENOUS PARTIAL VERB DRIVE ZONE OBJECT D Oral drive Lips Breast To suck Anal drive Anus Faeces To shit d Scopic drive Eyes Gaze To see Invocatory drive Ears Voice To hear Figure 4 Table of partial drives drive, and the invocatory drive. Each of these drives is specified by a different partial object and a different erogenous zone, as shown in Figure 4. The first two drives relate to demand, whereas the second pair relate to desire. In 1957, in the context of the graph of desire, Lacan proposes the formula (SO D) as the MATHEME for the drive. This formula is to be read: the barred subject in relation to demand, the fading of the subject before the insistence of a demand that persists without any conscious intention to sustain it. Throughout the various reformulations of drive-theory in Freud's work, one constant feature is a basic dualism. At first this dualism was conceived in terms of an opposition between the sexual drives (Sexualtriebe) on the one hand, and the ego-drives (Ichtriebe) or drives of self-preservation (Selbsterhaltungs- triebe) on the other. This opposition was problematised by Freud's growing realisation, in the period 1914-20, that the ego-drives are themselves sexual. He was thus led to reconceptualise the dualism of the drives in terms of an opposition between the life drives (Lebenstriebe) and the death drives (Todestriebe). Lacan argues that it is important to retain Freud's dualism, and rejects the monism of Jung, who argued that all psychic forces could be reduced to one single concept of psychic energy (Sl, l18-20). However, Lacan prefers to reconceptualise this dualism in terms of an opposition between the symbolic and the imaginary, and not in terms of an opposition between different kinds of - drives. Thus, for Lacan, all drives are sexual drives, and every drive is a DEATH - DRIVE Since every drive is excessive, repetitive, and ultimately destructive (Ec, 848). The drives are closely related tO DESIRE; both originate in the field of the subject, as opposed to the genital drive, which (if it exists) finds its form on the side of the Other (Sll, 189). However, the drive is not merely another name for desire: they are the partial aspects in which desire is realised. Desire is one and undivided, whereas the drives are partial manifestations of desire. == def References== Instinctual (pre<div style="font-lingual) bodily impulses or instincts, which Freud ultimately decided could be reduced to two primary drivessize: 1) the life drives (both the pleasure principle and the reality principle); and 2) the death drive, which Freud saw as even more primal than the life drives. == References =11px" class="references-small">
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