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==Drive and Instinct=====Sigmund Freud===[[Freud]]'s [[theoryconcept]] of the [[drive]] was revised extensively throughout is central to his career[[theory]] of [[human]] [[sexuality]]; it lies at the heart of his theory of [[sexuality]].

The ===Jacques Lacan===[[Lacan]] insists on maintaining the [[Freud]]ian [[distinction]] between [[drive]], or and [[instinct]] as it is usually translated in English, is a concept that exists on the border between the somatic (bodily) and the mental.<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref>

According to [[FreudLacan]] argues that the [[purpose]], there are four characteristics of the [[drive]]: its (''[[Triebziel]]'') is not to reach a 'pressure'[[goal]]'', (a final destination) but to follow its '''aim'''(the way itself), it's '''which is to circle round the [[object''' and its '''source''']].<ref>1984c [1915]: 118{{S11}} p.168</ref>

By '''Thus the [[real]] purpose of the [[drive]] is not some mythical goal of [[full]] [[satisfaction]], but to [[return]] to its circular path, and [[The Real|the real]] source of [[enjoyment]] is the [[repetition|repetitive movement]] of this closed circuit. ====Drive as Cultural and Symbolic Construct====[[Lacan]] reminds his readers that [[Freud]] defined the [[drive]] as a montage composed of four discontinuous elements: the pressure, the end, the object and the source. The [[drive]] cannot therefore be conceived of as "some ultimate given, something archaic, primordial."<ref>{{S11}} p.162</ref> It is a thoroughly [[culture|cultural]] and [[symbolic]] [[construct]]. [[Lacan]] thus empties the concept of the [[drive]] of the lingering references in [[Freud]]''' Freud means s [[work]] to energetics and hydraulics.  ==The Circuit of the Drive==[[Lacan]] incorporates the four elements of the [[drive]] in his theory of the [[drive]]'s motor factorcircuit. In this circut, that the [[drive]] originates in an [[erogenous zone]]. This circuit is [[structured]] by the [[three]] [[grammatical]] voices. # The [[active]] [[voice]] (e.g. to see) # The reflexive voice (e.g. to see oneself) # The [[passive]] voice (e.g. to be seen) ===Activity and Passivity===The first of these two [[times]] (active and reflexive voices) are autoerotic; they [[lack]] a [[subject]].  Only in the [[third]] [[time]] (the passive voice), when the [[drive]] completes its circuit, does "a new subject" appear (which is to saythat before this time, there was [[No Subject|no subject]]). Although the [[third time]] is the passive voice, the [[drive]] is always essentially active, which is why [[Lacan]] writes that the third time not as "to be seen" but as "to make oneself be seen." Even supposedly "passive" phases of the [[drive]] such as [[masochism]] involve [[activity]].<ref>{{S11}} p.200</ref> The circuit of the amount [[drive]] is the only way for the [[subject]] to [[transgress]] the [[pleasure principle]].  ==The Partial Nature of the Drives==[[Freud]] argued that [[sexuality]] is composed of force or measure a [[number]] of [[drive|partial drives]] ([[Ger]]. ''[[drive|Partieltrieb]]'') such as the [[drive|oral drive]] and the demand for work which it represents[[drive|anal drive]], each specified by a different source (a different [[erotogenic]] zone). At first these component [[drive]]s function anarchically and independently (viz.the "[[polymorphous perversity]]" of [[children]]), but in [[puberty]] they become organized and fused together under the priamcy of the [[genital]] organs.<ref>{{F}} p.1905d.</ref>1984c  ===Differences between Freud and Lacan===[[Lacan]] emphasizes the partial [[nature]] of all [[drive]]s, but differs from [[Freud]] on two points: # [1915[Lacan]] rejects the [[idea]] that the partial drives can ever attain any [[complete]] organization or fusion, aruging that the priamcy of the genital zone, if achieved, is always a highly precarious affair. : 118He thus challenges the [[notion]], put forward by some [[psychoanalysts]] after [[Freud]], of a [[genital drive]] in which the partial drives are completely integrated in a [[harmonious]] relation. # [[Lacan]] argues that the [[drive]]s are partial, not in the [[sense]] that thy are parts of a [[whole]] (a 'genital drive'), but in the sense that they only [[represent]] sexuality partially; they do not represent the [[reproductive]] function of sexuality but only the [[dimension]] of enjoyment.<ref>{{S11}} p.204</ref>  ===The Four Partial Drives===[[Lacan]] [[identifies]] four partial drives: the [[drive|oral drive]], the [[drive|anal drive]], the [[drive|scopic drive]], and the [[drive|invocatory drive]]. Each of these [[drive]]s is specified by a different [[partial object]] and a different [[erogenous zone]]. The first two [[drive]]s relate to [[demand]], whereas the second pair relate to [[desire]]. {| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"|+ '''[[:Image:Lacan-tablepartialdrives.jpg|Table of partial drives]]'''<BR>! align="center" | !! align="center" | [[Partial drive|PARTIAL DRIVE]] !! align="center" | EROGENOUS ZONE !! align="center" | [[Partial Object|PARTIAL OBJECT]] !! align="center" | VERB|-| align="center" | D| align="center" | [[Oral]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Lips]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Breast]] || align="center" | To suck|-| align="center" | D| align="center" | [[Anal]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Anus]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Faeces]] || align="center" | To shit|-| align="center" | d| align="center" | [[Scopic]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Eyes]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Gaze]] || align="center" | To see|-| align="center" | d| align="center" | [[Invocatory]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Ears]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Voice]] || align="center" | To hear|}

Exerting ==The Lacanian Matheme for the Drive==In 1957, in the context of the [[graph of desire]], [[Lacan]] proposes the [[formula]] ('''pressureS <> D''' is a characteristic common to all ) as the [[drivematheme]]s and represents for the [[drive]]'s essence.

The '''aim''' This formula is to be read: the [[bar]]ed [[subject]] in relation to [[demand]], the [[fading]] of the [[drivesubject]] before the [[insistence]] of a [[demand]] that persists without any [[conscious]] [[intention]] is to seek its own satisfaction and sustain it achieves this by removing the source of stimulation.

==The Dualism of the Drives=====Sigmund Freud designates a particualrly close attachment between : Life and Death===Throughout the various reformulations of drive and its object as "fixation"-theory in [[Freud]]'s work, one constant feature is a basic [[dualism]].

Finally, the source At first this dualism was conceived in [[terms]] of an opposition between the [[drive|sexual drive is "]]s (''[[drive|Sexualtriebe]]'') on the one hand, and the somatic process which occurs in an organ [[drive|ego-drive]]s (''[[drive|Ichtriebe]]'') or part [[drive|drives of self-preservation]] (''[[drive|Selbsterhaltungstriebe]]'') on the body and whose stimulus is represented in mental life by an instinctother."<ref>1984c [1915]: 119</ref>

The driveThis opposition was problematized by [[Freud]]'s growing realization, in shortthe period 1914-20, is something that originates within the body and seeks expression in the psyche as representation[[drive|ego-drive]]s are themselves sexual.

Freud is primariluy concerned with He was thus led to reconceptualize the aims dualism of the drives [[drive]]s in terms of an opposition between the [[drive|life drive]]s (''[[drive|Lebenstriebe]]'') and how they seek satisfactionthe [[death drive]]s (''[[death drive|Todestriebe]]'').

===Jacques Lacan: Symbolic and Imaginary===[[Lacan]] argues that it is important to retain [[Freud]]'s dualism, and rejects the monism of [[Jung]], who argued that all [[psychic]] forces could be reduced to one single concept of psychic [[energy]].<ref>{{S1}} p.118-----20</ref>

It is crucial However, [[Lacan]] prefers to acknowledge reconceptualize this dualism in terms of an opposition between the [[symbolic]] and the distinction [[imaginary]], and not in terms of an opposition between an instinct and a different kinds of [[drive]]s.

An instinct designates Thus, for [[Lacan]], all [[drive]]s are [[drive|sexual drive]]s, and every [[drive]] is a need that can be satisfied[[death drive]] since every [[drive]] is excessive, [[repetition|repetitive]], and ultimately destructive.<ref>{{Ec}} p.848</ref>

==Drive and Desire==The examples Freud usually gives [[drive]]s are those closely related to [[desire]]; both originate in the field of the [[subject]], as opposed to the [[drive|genital drive]], which (if it [[exists]]) finds its [[form]] on the side of hunger and thirstthe [[Other]].<ref>{{S11}} p.189</ref>

THese needs give rise to an excitation within However, the body that can be satisfied and neutralized[[drive]] is not merely [[another]] [[name]] for [[desire]]: they are the partial aspects in which [[desire]] is realized.

The drive[[Desire]] is one and undivided, on whereas the other hand, cannot be satisfied and is characterized by the ''constancy'' [[drive]]s are partial manifestations of the pressure it exerts on [[consciousnessdesire]].