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==Sigmund Freud==
[[Freud]]'s [[theory]] of the [[drive]] was revised extensively throughout his career.
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| [[French]]: ''[[pulsion]]''
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| [[German]]: ''[[Trieb{{Bottom}}
 
 
==Drive and Instinct==
===Sigmund Freud===
[[Freud]]'s [[concept]] of the [[drive]] is central to his [[theory]] of [[human]] [[sexuality]]; it lies at the heart of his theory of [[sexuality]].
 
For [[Freud]], the distinctive feature of [[human]] [[sexuality]] -- as opposed to the [[sexual]] [[life]] of other animals -- is that it is not regulated by any [[instinct]] -- a concept which implies a relatively fixed and innate [[relationship]] to an [[object]] -- but by the [[drive]]s -- which differ from [[instinct]]s in that they are extremely variable, and develop in ways which are [[contingent]] on the life [[history]] of the [[subject]].
 
===Jacques Lacan===
[[Lacan]] insists on maintaining the [[Freud]]ian [[distinction]] between [[drive]] and [[instinct]].<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref>
 
Whereas [[instinct]] denotes a [[mythical]] [[linguistic|pre-linguistic]] [[need]], the [[drive]] is completely removed from the realm of [[biology]].
 
====Aim of the Drive====
The [[drive]]s differ from [[biological]] [[need]]s in that they can never be [[satisfied]], and do not aim at an [[object]] but rather circle perpetually round it.
 
[[Lacan]] argues that the [[purpose]] of the [[drive]] (''[[Triebziel]]'') is not to reach a ''[[goal]]'' (a final destination) but to follow its ''aim'' (the way itself), which is to circle round the [[object]].<ref>{{S11}} p.168</ref>
 
Thus the [[real]] purpose of the [[drive]] is not some mythical goal of [[full]] [[satisfaction]], but to [[return]] to its circular path, and [[The Real|the real]] source of [[enjoyment]] is the [[repetition|repetitive movement]] of this closed circuit.
 
====Drive as Cultural and Symbolic Construct====
[[Lacan]] reminds his readers that [[Freud]] defined the [[drive]] as a montage composed of four discontinuous elements: the pressure, the end, the object and the source.
 
The [[drive]] cannot therefore be conceived of as "some ultimate given, something archaic, primordial."<ref>{{S11}} p.162</ref>
 
It is a thoroughly [[culture|cultural]] and [[symbolic]] [[construct]].
 
[[Lacan]] thus empties the concept of the [[drive]] of the lingering references in [[Freud]]'s [[work]] to energetics and hydraulics.
The [[drive]], or [[instinct]] as it is usually translated in English, is a concept that exists on the border between the somatic (bodily) and the mental. It consists of a quantity of energy and its psychical representative (remember what we said above about the unconscious being representation). Jean Laplanche and Serge Leclaire define the Freudian drive as 'a constant force of a biological nature, emanating from organic sources, that always has as its aim its own satisfaction through the elimination of the state of tension which operates at the source of the drive itself' (1972 [1965]: 140).
==The Circuit of the Drive==
[[Lacan]] incorporates the four elements of the [[drive]] in his theory of the [[drive]]'s circuit.
In this circut, the [[drive]] originates in an [[erogenous zone]].
According to This circuit is [[Freudstructured]], there are four characteristics of by the [[drivethree]]: its '''pressure''', its '''aim''', it's '''object''' and its '''source'''.<ref>1984c [1915[grammatical]]: 118</ref>voices.
By '''pressure''' Freud means the # The [[driveactive]]'s motor factor, that is to say, "the amount of force or measure of the demand for work which it represents."<ref><ref>1984c [1915[voice]: 118</ref>] (e.g. to see)
# The reflexive voice (e.g. to see oneself)
Exerting '''pressure''' is a characteristic common to all # The [[drivepassive]]s and represents the [[drive]]'s essencevoice (e.g.to be seen)
===Activity and Passivity===The '''aim''' first of the these two [[drivetimes]] is to seek its own satisfaction (active and it achieves this by removing the source of stimulationreflexive voices) are autoerotic; they [[lack]] a [[subject]].
The '''object''' of Only in the [[third]] [[time]] (the passive voice), when the [[drive ]] completes its circuit, does "a new subject" appear (which is to say that which the drive attaches itself to in order to achieve its aimbefore this time, there was [[No Subject|no subject]]).
Freud designates a particualrly close attachment between Although the [[third time]] is the passive voice, the [[drive and its object ]] is always essentially active, which is why [[Lacan]] writes that the third time not as "fixationto be seen" but as "to make oneself be seen."
Finally, the source Even supposedly "passive" phases of the [[drive is "the somatic process which occurs in an organ or part of the body and whose stimulus is represented in mental life by an instinct]] such as [[masochism]] involve [[activity]]."<ref>1984c [1915]: 119{{S11}} p.200</ref>
The circuit of the [[drive, in short, ]] is something that originates within the body and seeks expression in only way for the [[subject]] to [[transgress]] the psyche as representation[[pleasure principle]].
Freud is primariluy concerned with the aims of the drives and how they seek satisfaction.
-----==The Partial Nature of the Drives==[[Freud]] argued that [[sexuality]] is composed of a [[number]] of [[drive|partial drives]] ([[Ger]]. ''[[drive|Partieltrieb]]'') such as the [[drive|oral drive]] and the [[drive|anal drive]], each specified by a different source (a different [[erotogenic]] zone).
It is crucial to acknowledge At first these component [[drive]]s function anarchically and independently (viz. the distinction between an instinct "[[polymorphous perversity]]" of [[children]]), but in [[puberty]] they become organized and a drivefused together under the priamcy of the [[genital]] organs.<ref>{{F}} p.1905d.</ref>
An instinct designates a need that can be satisfied.===Differences between Freud and Lacan===[[Lacan]] emphasizes the partial [[nature]] of all [[drive]]s, but differs from [[Freud]] on two points:
The examples Freud usually gives are those # [[Lacan]] rejects the [[idea]] that the partial drives can ever attain any [[complete]] organization or fusion, aruging that the priamcy of hunger and thirstthe genital zone, if achieved, is always a highly precarious affair.
THese needs give rise to an excitation within : He thus challenges the body that can be satisfied and neutralized[[notion]], put forward by some [[psychoanalysts]] after [[Freud]], of a [[genital drive]] in which the partial drives are completely integrated in a [[harmonious]] relation.
# [[Lacan]] argues that the [[drive]]s are partial, not in the [[sense]] that thy are parts of a [[whole]] (a 'genital drive'), but in the sense that they only [[represent]] sexuality partially; they do not represent the [[reproductive]] function of sexuality but only the [[dimension]] of enjoyment.<ref>{{S11}} p.204</ref>  ===The Four Partial Drives===[[Lacan]] [[identifies]] four partial drives: the [[drive|oral drive]], the [[drive|anal drive]], the [[drive|scopic drive]], and the [[drive|invocatory drive]]. Each of these [[drive]]s is specified by a different [[partial object]] and a different [[erogenous zone]]. The first two [[drive]]s relate to [[demand]], whereas the second pair relate to [[desire]]. {| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"|+ '''[[:Image:Lacan-tablepartialdrives.jpg|Table of partial drives]]'''<BR>! align="center" | !! align="center" | [[Partial drive|PARTIAL DRIVE]] !! align="center" | EROGENOUS ZONE !! align="center" | [[Partial Object|PARTIAL OBJECT]] !! align="center" | VERB|-| align="center" | D| align="center" | [[Oral]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Lips]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Breast]] || align="center" | To suck|-| align="center" | D| align="center" | [[Anal]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Anus]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Faeces]] || align="center" | To shit|-| align="center" | d| align="center" | [[Scopic]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Eyes]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Gaze]] || align="center" | To see|-| align="center" | d| align="center" | [[Invocatory]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Ears]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Voice]] || align="center" | To hear|}  ==The Lacanian Matheme for the Drive==In 1957, in the context of the [[graph of desire]], [[Lacan]] proposes the [[formula]] ('''S <> D''') as the [[matheme]] for the [[drive]]. This formula is to be read: the [[bar]]ed [[subject]] in relation to [[demand]], the [[fading]] of the [[subject]] before the [[insistence]] of a [[demand]] that persists without any [[conscious]] [[intention]] to sustain it.  ==The Dualism of the Drives=====Sigmund Freud: Life and Death===Throughout the various reformulations of drive-theory in [[Freud]]'s work, one constant feature is a basic [[dualism]]. At first this dualism was conceived in [[terms]] of an opposition between the [[drive|sexual drive]]s (''[[drive|Sexualtriebe]]'') on the other one hand, cannot be satisfied and is characterized the [[drive|ego-drive]]s (''[[drive|Ichtriebe]]'') or [[drive|drives of self-preservation]] (''[[drive|Selbsterhaltungstriebe]]'') on the other. This opposition was problematized by [[Freud]]'s growing realization, in the period 1914-20, that the [[drive|ego-drive]]s are themselves sexual. He was thus led to reconceptualize the dualism of the [[drive]]s in terms of an opposition between the [[drive|life drive]]s (''constancy[[drive|Lebenstriebe]]'') and the [[death drive]]s ('' [[death drive|Todestriebe]]''). ===Jacques Lacan: Symbolic and Imaginary===[[Lacan]] argues that it is important to retain [[Freud]]'s dualism, and rejects the monism of [[Jung]], who argued that all [[psychic]] forces could be reduced to one single concept of psychic [[energy]].<ref>{{S1}} p.118-20</ref> However, [[Lacan]] prefers to reconceptualize this dualism in terms of an opposition between the pressure [[symbolic]] and the [[imaginary]], and not in terms of an opposition between different kinds of [[drive]]s. Thus, for [[Lacan]], all [[drive]]s are [[drive|sexual drive]]s, and every [[drive]] is a [[death drive]] since every [[drive]] is excessive, [[repetition|repetitive]], and ultimately destructive.<ref>{{Ec}} p.848</ref> ==Drive and Desire==The [[drive]]s are closely related to [[desire]]; both originate in the field of the [[subject]], as opposed to the [[drive|genital drive]], which (if it exerts [[exists]]) finds its [[form]] on the side of the [[Other]].<ref>{{S11}} p.189</ref> However, the [[drive]] is not merely [[another]] [[name]] for [[desire]]: they are the partial aspects in which [[desire]] is realized. [[Desire]] is one and undivided, whereas the [[drive]]s are partial manifestations of [[consciousnessdesire]].
==See Also==
==References==
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[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
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| [[German]]: ''[[Trieb{{Bottom}}
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