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{| align="[[right]]" style="margin-left:10px;line-height:2.0em;text-align:justify;background-color:#fcfcfc;border:1px solid #aaa"
| [[French]]: ''[[pulsion]]''
|-
| [[German]]: ''[[Trieb{{Bottom}}
==Sigmund Freud==
==Drive and Instinct=====Sigmund Freud===[[Freud]] argued that 's [[sexualityconcept]] is composed of a number of partial drives (Ger. Partieltrieb) such as the oral [[drive and ]] is central to his [[theory]] of [[human]] [[sexuality]]; it lies at the anal drive, each specified by a different source (a different erotogenic zone)heart of his theory of [[sexuality]].
At first these component drives function anarchically and independently (viz. For [[Freud]], the distinctive feature of [[human]] [[sexuality]] -- as opposed to the 'polymorphous perversity' [[sexual]] [[life]] of children), other animals -- is that it is not regulated by any [[instinct]] -- a concept which implies a relatively fixed and innate [[relationship]] to an [[object]] -- but by the [[drive]]s -- which differ from [[instinct]]s in puberty that they become organised are extremely variable, and fused together under develop in ways which are [[contingent]] on the primacy life [[history]] of the genital organs[[subject]].<ref>Freud, 1905d</ref>
Instinctual (pre-lingual) bodily impulses or instincts, which ===Jacques Lacan===[[Lacan]] insists on maintaining the [[Freud ultimately decided could be reduced to two primary drives: 1) the life drives (both the pleasure principle ]]ian [[distinction]] between [[drive]] and the reality principle); and 2) the death drive, which Freud saw as even more primal than the life drives[[instinct]].<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref>
==Human Sexuality==Whereas [[instinct]] denotes a [[mythical]] [[linguistic|pre-linguistic]] [[need]], the [[drive]] is completely removed from the realm of [[biology]].
====Aim of the Drive====The [[Sigmund Freuddrive]]'s differ from [[conceptbiological]] of the [[driveneed]] (''Trieb'', ''pulsion'') is central to his theory of s in that they can never be [[humansatisfied]] , and do not aim at an [[sexualityobject]]but rather circle perpetually round it.
According to [[FreudLacan]] argues that the [[purpose]], of the [[humandrive]] (''[[sexualityTriebziel]] '') is not regulated by to reach a ''[[instinctgoal]]s '' (a final destination) but by to follow its ''aim'' (the way itself), which is to circle round the [[driveobject]]s.<ref>{{S11}} p.168</ref>
Thus the [[Instinctreal]]s are relatively fixed purpose of the [[drive]] is not some mythical goal of [[full]] [[satisfaction]], but to [[return]] to its circular path, and innate[[The Real|the real]] source of [[enjoyment]] is the [[repetition|repetitive movement]] of this closed circuit.
====Drive as Cultural and Symbolic Construct====[[InstinctLacan]] denotes a reminds his readers that [[mythFreud]]ical pre-linguistic defined the [[needdrive]]as a montage composed of four discontinuous elements: the pressure, the end, the object and the source.
The [[Drivedrive]]s are variablecannot therefore be conceived of as "some ultimate given, something archaic, and develop in ways that are contingent on the life history of the [[subject]]primordial."<ref>{{S11}} p.162</ref>
It is a thoroughly [[culture|cultural]] and [[Drivesymbolic]] is separate from the realm of [[biologyconstruct]].
The [[Lacan]] thus empties the concept of the [[drive]] does not refer of the lingering references in [[Freud]]'s [[work]] to "some ultimate given, something archaic, primordial."<ref>{{Sll}} penergetics and hydraulics. 162</ref>
The [[drive]] is a thoroughly cultural and symbolic construct.
==Jacques LacanThe Circuit of the Drive==[[Lacan]] incorporates the four elements of the [[drive]] in his theory of the [[drive]]'s circuit.
[[Lacan]] follows [[Freud]]'s distinction between In this circut, the [[drive]] (''Trieb'' and originates in an [[instincterogenous zone]] (''Instinkt'').<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref>
This circuit is [[structured]] by the [[three]] [[grammatical]] voices.
THE MOVEMENT OF DRIVE# The [[active]] [[voice]] (e.g. to see)
Lacan reminds his readers that Freud defined the drive as a montage composed of four discontinuous elements: the pressure, the end, the object and the source# The reflexive voice (e. g. to see oneself)
Lacan incorporates the four elements of the drive in his theory of the drive's 'circuit'# The [[passive]] voice (e. g. to be seen)
In this circuit, the drive originates in an erogenous zone, circles round the object, ===Activity and then returns to the erogenous zonePassivity===The first of these two [[times]] (active and reflexive voices) are autoerotic; they [[lack]] a [[subject]].
Only in the [[third]] [[time]] (the passive voice), when the [[drive]] completes its circuit, does "a new subject" appear (which is to say that before this time, there was [[No Subject|no subject]]).
Although the [[Drivethird time]]is the passive voice, unlike the [[biology|biologicaldrive]] [[need]]sis always essentially active, can never be [[satisfaction|satisfied]].which is why [[DriveLacan]]s do writes that the third time not aim at an [[object]] as "to be seen" but rather circle perpetually round itas "to make oneself be seen. "
Even supposedly "passive" phases of the [[Lacandrive]] argues that the purpose of the such as [[drivemasochism]] is not to reach a goal (a final destination) but to follow its aim (the way itself), which is to circle round the involve [[objectactivity]].<ref>Sll, 168{{S11}} p.200</ref>
The function circuit of the [[drive]] is not the only way for the [[subject]] to attain full [[satisfactiontransgress]] the [[pleasure principle]] but to return to its circular path.
The real source of [[enjoyment]] is the [[repetition|repetitive]] movement of this closed circuit.
==The PartialNature of the Drives==[[Freud]] argued that [[sexuality]] is composed of a [[number]] of [[drive|partial drives]] ([[Ger]]. ''[[drive|Partieltrieb]]'') such as the [[drive|oral drive]] and the [[drive|anal drive]], each specified by a different source (a different [[erotogenic]] zone).
At first these component [[Lacandrive]] argues that s function anarchically and independently (viz. the "[[drivepolymorphous perversity]]" of [[children]]), but in [[puberty]] they become organized and fused together under the priamcy of the [[genital]]s are partialorgans.<ref>{{F}} p.1905d.</ref>
The ===Differences between Freud and Lacan===[[Lacan]] emphasizes the partial [[nature]] of all [[drive]]s are partial (in that they represent , but differs from [[sexualityFreud]] partially) (not in the sense that they are parts of a whole).on two points:
# [[DriveLacan]]s do not represent rejects the reproductive function [[idea]] that the partial drives can ever attain any [[complete]] organization or fusion, aruging that the priamcy of sexuality (but only the dimension of enjoyment).<ref>{{S11}} pgenital zone, if achieved, is always a highly precarious affair.204</ref>
==Differences==Lacan emphasizes : He thus challenges the [[notion]], put forward by some [[psychoanalysts]] after [[Freud]], of a [[genital drive]] in which the partial nature of all drives, but differs from Freud on two pointsare completely integrated in a [[harmonious]] relation.
# [[Lacan]] rejects the idea argues that the [[drive]]s are partial drives can ever attain any complete organisation or fusion, arguing not in the [[sense]] that thy are parts of a [[whole]] (a 'genital drive'), but in the primacy sense that they only [[represent]] sexuality partially; they do not represent the [[reproductive]] function of sexuality but only the genital zone, if achieved, is always a highly precarious affair[[dimension]] of enjoyment.<ref>{{S11}} p. 204</ref>
He thus challenges the notion, put forward by some psychoanalysts after Freud, of a genital drive in which the partial drives are completely integrated in a harmonious fashion.
 ===The Four Partial Drives===[[Lacan]] identifies four partial [[driveidentifies]]sfour partial drives:* the [[drive|oral]] [[drive]]* , the [[drive|anal]] [[drive]]* , the [[drive|scopic]] [[drive]]* , and the [[drive|invocatory]] [[drive]].
Each of these [[drive]]s is specified by a different [[partial object]] and a different [[erogenous zone]].
The first two [[drive]]s relate to [[demand]], whereas the second pair relate to [[desire]].
{| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1" cellpadding=Drive and Desire"5" cellspacing="0" align="center"the drive is not merely another name for desire|+ '''[[:Image: they are the Lacan-tablepartialdrives.jpg|Table of partial aspects in which desire is realised. drives]]'''<BR>! align="center" | !! align="center" | [[Partial drive|PARTIAL DRIVE]] !! align="center" | EROGENOUS ZONE !! align="center" | [[Partial Object|PARTIAL OBJECT]] !! align="center" | VERB|-| align="center" | D| align="center" | [[Oral]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Lips]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Breast]] || align="center" | To suck|-| align="center" | D| align="center" | [[Anal]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Anus]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Faeces]] || align="center" | To shit|-| align="center" | d| align="center" | [[Scopic]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Eyes]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Gaze]] || align="center" | To see|-| align="center" | d| align="center" | [[Invocatory]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Ears]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Voice]] || align="center" | To hear|}
Desire is one and undivided, whereas the drives are partial manifestations of desire.
==The Lacanian Matheme for the Drive==
In 1957, in the context of the [[graph of desire]], [[Lacan]] proposes the [[formula]] ('''S <> D''') as the [[matheme]] for the [[drive]].
The circuit of This formula is to be read: the drive is [[bar]]ed [[subject]] in relation to [[demand]], the only way for [[fading]] of the [[subject ]] before the [[insistence]] of a [[demand]] that persists without any [[conscious]] [[intention]] to transgress the pleasure principlesustain it.
==The Dualismof the Drives=====Sigmund Freud: Life and Death===Throughout the various reformulations of drive-theory in [[Freud]]'s work, one constant feature is a basic [[dualism]].
He At first this dualism was conceived the dualism of the drives in [[terms ]] of an opposition between the life drives [[drive|sexual drive]]s (Lebenstriebe''[[drive|Sexualtriebe]]'') on the one hand, and the death [[drive|ego-drive]]s (''[[drive|Ichtriebe]]'') or [[drive|drives of self-preservation]] (Todestriebe''[[drive|Selbsterhaltungstriebe]]'')on the other.
This opposition was problematized by [[Freud]]'s growing realization, in the period 1914-20, that the [[drive|ego-drive]]s are themselves sexual.
Lacan argues that it is important He was thus led to retain Freudreconceptualize the dualism of the [[drive]]s in terms of an opposition between the [[drive|life drive]]s (''[[drive|Lebenstriebe]]''s dualism, ) and rejects the monism of Jung, who argued that all psychic forces could be reduced to one single concept of psychic energy.<ref>[[death drive]]s (Sl, l18-20''[[death drive|Todestriebe]]'').</ref>
However, ===Jacques Lacan: Symbolic and Imaginary===[[Lacan prefers ]] argues that it is important to reconceptualise this retain [[Freud]]'s dualism in terms of an opposition between the symbolic , and rejects the imaginarymonism of [[Jung]], and not in terms who argued that all [[psychic]] forces could be reduced to one single concept of an opposition between different kinds of drivespsychic [[energy]].<ref>{{S1}} p. 118-20</ref>
ThusHowever, for [[Lacan, all drives are sexual drives]] prefers to reconceptualize this dualism in terms of an opposition between the [[symbolic]] and the [[imaginary]], and every drive is a not in terms of an opposition between different kinds of [[death drive]]s. Since every drive is excessive, repetitive, and ultimately destructive.<ref> (Ec,848)</ref>
Thus, for [[Lacan]], all [[drive]]s are [[drive|sexual drive]]s, and every [[drive]] is a [[death drive]] since every [[drive]] is excessive, [[repetition|repetitive]], and ultimately destructive.<ref>{{Ec}} p.848</ref>
==Drive and Desire==
The [[drive]]s are closely related to [[desire]]; both originate in the field of the [[subject]], as opposed to the [[drive|genital drive]], which (if it [[exists]]) finds its [[form]] on the side of the [[Other]].<ref>{{S11}} p.189</ref>
However, the [[drive]] is not merely [[another]] [[name]] for [[desire]]: they are the partial aspects in which [[desire]] is realized.
==Formula==In 1957, in the context of the graph of desire, Lacan proposes the formula (SO D) as the [[mathemeDesire]] for the drive.  This formula is to be read: the barred subject in relation to demandone and undivided, whereas the fading of the subject before the insistence of a demand that persists without any conscious intention to sustain it. ==Activity==the [[drive is always essentially active, which is why Lacan writes the third time not as 'to be seen' but as 'to make oneself be seen'. Even supposedly 'passive' phases ]]s are partial manifestations of the drive such as masochism involve activity[[desire]].<ref>Sll, 200</ref>  
==See Also==
{{See}}
* [[Biology]]
* [[Death drive]]
* [[Demand]]
||
* [[Desire]]
* [[Instinct]]
* [[Need]]
||
* [[Pleasure principle]]
* [[Sexuality]]
* [[Subject]]
{{Also}}
==References==
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[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
[[Category:Jacques Lacan]]
[[Category:Science]]
[[Category:Real]]
[[Category:Dictionary]]
[[Category:Concepts]]
[[Category:Terms]]
[[Category:Concepts]]{{OK}}[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]__NOTOC__
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