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{| align="[[right]]" style="margin-left:10px;line-height:2.0em;text-align:justify;background-color:#fcfcfc;border:1px solid #aaa"
| [[French]]: ''[[pulsion]]''
|-
| [[German]]: ''[[Trieb{{Bottom}}
==Sigmund Freud==
==Drive and Instinct==
===Sigmund Freud===
[[Freud]]'s [[concept]] of the [[drive]] is central to his [[theory]] of [[human]] [[sexuality]]; it lies at the heart of his theory of [[sexuality]].
 
For [[Freud]], the distinctive feature of [[human]] [[sexuality]] -- as opposed to the [[sexual]] [[life]] of other animals -- is that it is not regulated by any [[instinct]] -- a concept which implies a relatively fixed and innate [[relationship]] to an [[object]] -- but by the [[drive]]s -- which differ from [[instinct]]s in that they are extremely variable, and develop in ways which are [[contingent]] on the life [[history]] of the [[subject]].
 
===Jacques Lacan===
[[Lacan]] insists on maintaining the [[Freud]]ian [[distinction]] between [[drive]] and [[instinct]].<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref>
 
Whereas [[instinct]] denotes a [[mythical]] [[linguistic|pre-linguistic]] [[need]], the [[drive]] is completely removed from the realm of [[biology]].
 
====Aim of the Drive====
The [[drive]]s differ from [[biological]] [[need]]s in that they can never be [[satisfied]], and do not aim at an [[object]] but rather circle perpetually round it.
[[Lacan]] argues that the [[purpose]] of the [[drive]] (''[[Triebziel]]'') is not to reach a ''[[goal]]'' (a final destination) but to follow its ''aim'' (the way itself), which is to circle round the [[object]].<ref>{{S11}} p.168</ref>
Thus the [[Sigmund Freudreal]]'s purpose of the [[conceptdrive]] is not some mythical goal of the [[drivefull]] [[satisfaction]] (''Trieb'', ''pulsion'') is central but to [[return]] to his theory its circular path, and [[The Real|the real]] source of [[humanenjoyment]] is the [[sexualityrepetition|repetitive movement]]of this closed circuit.
According to ====Drive as Cultural and Symbolic Construct====[[FreudLacan]], reminds his readers that [[humanFreud]] [[sexuality]] is not regulated by [[instinct]]s but by defined the [[drive]]sas a montage composed of four discontinuous elements: the pressure, the end, the object and the source.
The [[Human]] [[sexualitydrive]] consists cannot therefore be conceived of a number of partial [[drive]]s ([[German]]: ''Partieltrieb'') arising from the different [[erogenous zone]]sas "some ultimate given, something archaic, primordial."<ref>{{S11}} p.162</ref>
At first these component drives function anarchically It is a thoroughly [[culture|cultural]] and independently (the '[[polymorphous perversitysymbolic]]' of [[childrenconstruct]]), but in puberty they become organised and fused together under the primacy of the genital organs.<ref>Freud, 1905d</ref>
[[Lacan]] thus empties the concept of the [[drive]] of the lingering references in [[Freud]]'s [[work]] to energetics and hydraulics.
==Drive and Instinct==
[[Lacan]] follows [[Freud]]'s distinction between [[drive]] (''Trieb'' and [[instinct]] (''Instinkt'').<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref>
==The Circuit of the Drive==[[InstinctLacan]]incorporates the four elements of the [[drive]] in his theory of the [[drive]]'s are relatively fixed and innatecircuit.
In this circut, the [[Instinctdrive]] denotes a originates in an [[myth]]ical pre-linguistic [[neederogenous zone]].
This circuit is [[Drivestructured]]s are variable, and develop in ways that are contingent on the life history of by the [[subjectthree]] [[grammatical]]voices.
# The [[Driveactive]] is separate from the realm of [[biologyvoice]](e.g. to see)
# The [[drive]] does not refer to "some ultimate given, something archaic, primordialreflexive voice (e."<ref>{{Sll}} pg. 162</ref> to see oneself)
# The [[drivepassive]] is a thoroughly cultural and symbolic constructvoice (e. g. to be seen)
===Activity and Passivity===
The first of these two [[times]] (active and reflexive voices) are autoerotic; they [[lack]] a [[subject]].
Only in the [[third]] [[time]] (the passive voice), when the [[drive]] completes its circuit, does "a new subject" appear (which is to say that before this time, there was [[No Subject|no subject]]).
==Partial==Although the [[third time]] is the passive voice, the [[drive]] is always essentially active, which is why [[Lacan]] writes that the third time not as "to be seen" but as "to make oneself be seen."
Even supposedly "passive" phases of the [[Lacandrive]] argues that the such as [[masochism]] involve [[driveactivity]]s are partial.<ref>{{S11}} p.200</ref>
The circuit of the [[drive]]s are partial (in that they represent is the only way for the [[sexualitysubject]] to [[transgress]] partially) (not in the sense that they are parts of a whole)[[pleasure principle]].
[[Drive]]s do not represent the reproductive function of sexuality (but only the dimension of enjoyment).<ref>{{S11}} p.204</ref>
==The Partial Nature of the Drives==
[[Freud]] argued that [[sexuality]] is composed of a [[number]] of [[drive|partial drives]] ([[Ger]]. ''[[drive|Partieltrieb]]'') such as the [[drive|oral drive]] and the [[drive|anal drive]], each specified by a different source (a different [[erotogenic]] zone).
At first these component [[drive]]s function anarchically and independently (viz. the "[[polymorphous perversity]]" of [[children]]), but in [[puberty]] they become organized and fused together under the priamcy of the [[genital]] organs.<ref>{{F}} p.1905d.</ref>
===Differences between Freud and Lacan===[[Lacan]] rejects the idea that emphasizes the partial drives can ever attain any complete organisation or fusion.[[nature]] of all [[drive]]s, but differs from [[Freud]] on two points:
# [[Lacan]] identifies four partial [[drive]]s:* rejects the [[oral]idea] [[drive]]* that the partial drives can ever attain any [[analcomplete]] [[drive]]* organization or fusion, aruging that the [[scopic]] [[drive]]* priamcy of the [[invocatory]] [[drive]]genital zone, if achieved, is always a highly precarious affair.
Each : He thus challenges the [[notion]], put forward by some [[psychoanalysts]] after [[Freud]], of these a [[genital drive]] in which the partial drives are completely integrated in a [[harmonious]] relation. # [[Lacan]] argues that the [[drive]]s is specified by are partial, not in the [[sense]] that thy are parts of a different [[partial objectwhole]] and (a different 'genital drive'), but in the sense that they only [[represent]] sexuality partially; they do not represent the [[reproductive]] function of sexuality but only the [[erogenous zonedimension]]of enjoyment.<ref>{{S11}} p.204</ref>
[[Lacan]] emphasizes the partial nature of all drives, but differs from [[Freud]] on two points.
==Movement of the Drive=The Four Partial Drives===[[Lacan]] [[identifies]] four partial drives: the [[drive|oral drive]], the [[drive|anal drive]], the [[drive|scopic drive]], and the [[drive|invocatory drive]].
The Each of these [[drive]] originates in an [[erogenous zone]], circles round the s is specified by a different [[partial object]], and then returns to the a different [[erogenous zone]].
The first two [[drive]]s do not aim at an relate to [[objectdemand]], whereas the second pair relate to [[desire]] but rather circle perpetually round it.
{| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"|+ '''[[:Image:Lacan-tablepartialdrives.jpg|Table of partial drives]]'''<BR>! align="center" | !! align="center" | [[Partial drive|PARTIAL DRIVE]] !! align="center" | EROGENOUS ZONE !! align="center" | [[Partial Object|PARTIAL OBJECT]] !! align="center" | VERB|-| align="center" | D| align="center" | [[Oral]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Lips]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Breast]] || align="center" | To suck|-| align="center" | D| align="center" | [[Anal]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Anus]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Faeces]] || align="center" | To shit|-| align="center" | d| align="center" | [[Scopic]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Eyes]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Gaze]] || align="center" | To see|-| align="center" | d| align="center" | [[Invocatory]] argues that the purpose of the [[drive]] is not to reach a goal (a final destination) but to follow its aim (the way itself), which is to circle round the || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Ears]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Voice]].<ref>{{S11|| align="center" | To hear|}} p.168</ref>
The function of the [[drive]] is not to attain full [[satisfaction]] but to return to its circular path.
==The Lacanian Matheme for the Drive==In 1957, in the context of the [[realgraph of desire]] source of , [[Lacan]] proposes the [[formula]] ('''S <> D''') as the [[enjoymentmatheme]] is for the [[repetition|repetitivedrive]] movement of this closed circuit.
==Drive and Desire==The This formula is to be read: the [[bar]]ed [[subject]] in relation to [[demand]], the [[drivefading]] is not merely another name for of the [[desiresubject]]: they are before the partial aspects in which [[desireinsistence]] of a [[demand]] that persists without any [[conscious]] [[intention]] is realisedto sustain it.
[[Desire]] is one and undivided, whereas the drives are partial manifestations of [[desire]].
==The circuit Dualism of the Drives=====Sigmund Freud: Life and Death===Throughout the various reformulations of drive-theory in [[driveFreud]] 's work, one constant feature is the only way for the [[subject]] to [[transgress]] the a basic [[pleasure principledualism]].
==Dualism==[[Freud]] At first this dualism was conceived the dualism of the in [[driveterms]]s in terms of an opposition between the [[life drive|sexual drive]]s (''Lebenstriebe[[drive|Sexualtriebe]]'') ((both on the one hand, and the [[pleasure principledrive|ego-drive]] and the s (''[[reality principledrive|Ichtriebe]]'') and the or [[death drive|drives of self-preservation]]s (''Todestriebe[[drive|Selbsterhaltungstriebe]]'')on the other.
[[Lacan]] retains the the basic dualism of This opposition was problematized by [[Freud]]'s theory of growing realization, in the period 1914-20, that the [[drive|ego-drive]]s (against the monism of [[Jung]], who argued that all [[psychic]] forces could be reduced to one single concept of [[psychic]] [[energy]]).<ref>{{S1}} l18-20)are themselves sexual.</ref>
He was thus led to reconceptualize the dualism of the [[Lacandrive]] prefers to reconceptualise this dualism s in terms of an opposition between the [[symbolicdrive|life drive]]s (''[[drive|Lebenstriebe]] '') and the [[imaginarydeath drive]], and not in terms of an opposition between different kinds of s (''[[death drive|Todestriebe]]s'').
For ===Jacques Lacan: Symbolic and Imaginary===[[Lacan]], all argues that it is important to retain [[driveFreud]]'s are [[sexual]] dualism, and rejects the monism of [[driveJung]]s, and every who argued that all [[drivepsychic]] is a forces could be reduced to one single concept of psychic [[death driveenergy]]. <ref>{{S1}} p.118-20</ref>
Since every However, [[Lacan]] prefers to reconceptualize this dualism in terms of an opposition between the [drive[symbolic]] is excessive, and the [[repetitiveimaginary]], and ultimately destructive.<ref>{{Ec}} pnot in terms of an opposition between different kinds of [[drive]]s.848)</ref>
==Formula==In 1957Thus, in the context of the for [[graph of desireLacan]], all [[Lacandrive]] proposes the s are [[formuladrive|sexual drive]] (SO D) as the s, and every [[mathemedrive]] for the is a [[death drive]] since every [[drive]]is excessive, [[repetition|repetitive]], and ultimately destructive.<ref>{{Ec}} p. 848</ref>
This ==Drive and Desire==The [[formuladrive]] is s are closely related to be read: the [[bardesire]]red ; both originate in the field of the [[subject]] in relation , as opposed to the [[demanddrive|genital drive]], the which (if it [[fadingexists]] of the ) finds its [[subjectform]] before on the insistence side of a the [[demandOther]] that persists without any [[conscious]] [[intention]] to sustain it.<ref>{{S11}} p.189</ref>
However, the [[drive]] is not merely [[another]] [[name]] for [[desire]]: they are the partial aspects in which [[desire]] is realized.
 
[[Desire]] is one and undivided, whereas the [[drive]]s are partial manifestations of [[desire]].
==See Also==
{{See}}
* [[Biology]]
* [[Death drive]]
* [[Demand]]
||
* [[Desire]]
* [[Instinct]]
* [[Need]]
||
* [[Pleasure principle]]
* [[Sexuality]]
* [[Subject]]
{{Also}}
==References==
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<references/>
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[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
[[Category:Jacques Lacan]]
[[Category:Science]]
[[Category:Real]]
[[Category:Dictionary]]
[[Category:Concepts]]
[[Category:Terms]]
[[Category:Concepts]]{{OK}}[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]__NOTOC__
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