[[drive]] ([[French]]: ''[[Trieb]]'', ''[[pulsion]]'')
{| align==Sigmund Freud=====Drive and Sexuality==="[[Sigmund Freudright]]'s [[concept]] of the [[drive]] (" style="margin-left:10px;line-height:2.0em;text-align:justify;background-color:#fcfcfc;border:1px solid #aaa" | [[French]]: ''[[Triebpulsion]]'', ''|-| [[pulsionGerman]]: '') is central to his theory of [[human]] [[sexuality]].Trieb{{Bottom}}
[[Human]] [[sexuality]] consists of a number of [[partial drive]]s ([[German]]: ''[[Partieltrieb]]'') arising from the different [[erogenous zone]]s.
At first these component drives function anarchically ==Drive and independently (Instinct=====Sigmund Freud===[[Freud]]'s [[concept]] of the '[[polymorphous perversitydrive]] is central to his [[theory]] of [[human]] [[sexuality]]' ; it lies at the heart of his theory of [[childrensexuality]]. For [[Freud]]), the distinctive feature of [[human]] [[sexuality]] -- as opposed to the [[sexual]] [[life]] of other animals -- is that it is not regulated by any [[instinct]] -- a concept which implies a relatively fixed and innate [[relationship]] to an [[object]] -- but in by the [[drive]]s -- which differ from [[pubertyinstinct]] s in that they become organised are extremely variable, and fused together under develop in ways which are [[contingent]] on the primacy life [[history]] of the [[genital organssubject]]. ===Jacques Lacan===[[Lacan]] insists on maintaining the [[Freud]]ian [[distinction]] between [[drive]] and [[instinct]].<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref> Whereas [[Freudinstinct]] denotes a [[mythical]] [[linguistic|pre-linguistic]] [[need]], the [[drive]] is completely removed from the realm of [[biology]]. ====Aim of the Drive====The [[drive]]s differ from [[biological]] [[need]]s in that they can never be [[satisfied]], and do not aim at an [[object]] but rather circle perpetually round it. [[Lacan]] argues that the [[purpose]] of the [[drive]] (''[[Triebziel]]'') is not to reach a ''[[goal]]'' (a final destination) but to follow its ''aim'' (the way itself), Sigmundwhich is to circle round the [[object]]. 1905d<ref>{{S11}} p.168</ref> Thus the [[real]] purpose of the [[drive]] is not some mythical goal of [[full]] [[satisfaction]], but to [[return]] to its circular path, and [[The Real|the real]] source of [[enjoyment]] is the [[repetition|repetitive movement]] of this closed circuit.
====Drive as Cultural and InstinctSymbolic Construct====According to [[Lacan]] reminds his readers that [[Freud]]defined the [[drive]] as a montage composed of four discontinuous elements: the pressure, the end, the object and the source. The [[drive]] cannot therefore be conceived of as "some ultimate given, something archaic, primordial."<ref>{{S11}} p.162</ref> It is a thoroughly [[culture|cultural]] and [[symbolic]] [[construct]]. [[humanLacan]] thus empties the concept of the [[sexualitydrive]] is not regulated by of the lingering references in [[instinctFreud]]'s but by [[work]] to energetics and hydraulics. ==The Circuit of the Drive==[[Lacan]] incorporates the four elements of the [[drive]] in his theory of the [[drive]]'scircuit. In this circut, the [[drive]] originates in an [[erogenous zone]]. This circuit is [[structured]] by the [[three]] [[grammatical]] voices. # The [[active]] [[voice]] (e.g. to see)
[[Lacan]] follows [[Freud]]'s distinction between [[drive]] # The reflexive voice (''[[Trieb]]'' and [[instinct]] (''[[Instinkt]]'')e.<ref>{{E}} pg.301</ref>to see oneself)
# The [[Instinctpassive]]s are relatively fixed and innatevoice (e.g. to be seen)
===Activity and Passivity===The first of these two [[Instincttimes]] denotes a (active and reflexive voices) are autoerotic; they [[mythlack]]ical pre-linguistic a [[needsubject]].
Only in the [[Drivethird]]s are variable, and develop in ways that are [[contingenttime]] on (the passive voice), when the [[lifedrive]] completes its circuit, does "a new subject" appear (which is to say that before this time, there was [[history]] of the [[No Subject|no subject]]).
Although the [[Drivethird time]] is separate from the realm of passive voice, the [[biologydrive]]is always essentially active, which is why [[Lacan]] writes that the third time not as "to be seen" but as "to make oneself be seen."
The Even supposedly "passive" phases of the [[drive]] does not refer to "some ultimate given, something archaic, primordialsuch as [[masochism]] involve [[activity]]."<ref>{{S11}} p. 162200</ref>
The circuit of the [[drive]] is a thoroughly the only way for the [[culturalsubject]] and to [[symbolictransgress]] the [[constructpleasure principle]].
==Partial==
==The Partial Nature of the Drives==[[LacanFreud]] argues argued that [[sexuality]] is composed of a [[number]] of [[drive|partial drives]] ([[Ger]]. ''[[drive|Partieltrieb]]'') such as the [[drive|oral drive]] and the [[drive|anal drive]]s are , each specified by a different source (a different [[partialerotogenic]]zone).
The At first these component [[drive]]s are function anarchically and independently (viz. the "[[partialpolymorphous perversity]] (in that they represent " of [[sexualitychildren]] partially) (not , but in [[puberty]] they become organized and fused together under the sense that they are parts priamcy of a whole)the [[genital]] organs.<ref>{{F}} p.1905d.</ref>
===Differences between Freud and Lacan===[[DriveLacan]]s do not represent emphasizes the partial [[reproductivenature]] function of all [[sexualitydrive]] (s, but only the dimension of differs from [[enjoymentFreud]]).<ref>{{S11}} p.204</ref>on two points:
# [[Lacan]] rejects the [[idea ]] that the [[partial drive]]s drives can ever attain any [[complete organisation ]] organization or fusion, aruging that the priamcy of the genital zone, if achieved, is always a highly precarious affair.
[[Lacan]] identifies four partial [[drive]]s:* He thus challenges the [[oralnotion]] , put forward by some [[drivepsychoanalysts]]* the after [[analFreud]] , of a [[genital drive]]* the [[scopic]] [[drive]]* in which the partial drives are completely integrated in a [[invocatory]] [[driveharmonious]]relation.
Each of these # [[Lacan]] argues that the [[drive]]s is specified by are partial, not in the [[sense]] that thy are parts of a different [[partial objectwhole]] and (a different 'genital drive'), but in the sense that they only [[represent]] sexuality partially; they do not represent the [[reproductive]] function of sexuality but only the [[erogenous zonedimension]]of enjoyment.<ref>{{S11}} p.204</ref>
[[Lacan]] emphasizes the [[partial]] nature of all [[drive]]s, but differs from [[Freud]] on two points.
==Movement of the Drive=The Four Partial Drives===[[Lacan]] [[identifies]] four partial drives: the [[drive|oral drive]], the [[drive|anal drive]], the [[drive|scopic drive]], and the [[drive|invocatory drive]].
The Each of these [[drive]] originates in an [[erogenous zone]], circles round the s is specified by a different [[partial object]], and then returns to the a different [[erogenous zone]].
The first two [[drive]]s do not aim at an relate to [[objectdemand]], whereas the second pair relate to [[desire]] but rather circle perpetually round it.
{| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"|+ '''[[:Image:Lacan-tablepartialdrives.jpg|Table of partial drives]]'''<BR>! align="center" | !! align="center" | [[Partial drive|PARTIAL DRIVE]] !! align="center" | EROGENOUS ZONE !! align="center" | [[Partial Object|PARTIAL OBJECT]] !! align="center" | VERB|-| align="center" | D| align="center" | [[Oral]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Lips]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Breast]] || align="center" | To suck|-| align="center" | D| align="center" | [[Anal]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Anus]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Faeces]] || align="center" | To shit|-| align="center" | d| align="center" | [[Scopic]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Eyes]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Gaze]] || align="center" | To see|-| align="center" | d| align="center" | [[Invocatory]] argues that the purpose of the [[drive]] is not to reach a goal (a final destination) but to follow its aim (the way itself), which is to circle round the || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Ears]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Voice]].<ref>{{S11|| align="center" | To hear|}} p.168</ref>
The function of the [[drive]] is not to attain full [[satisfaction]] but to return to its circular path.
==The Lacanian Matheme for the Drive==In 1957, in the context of the [[realgraph of desire]] source of , [[Lacan]] proposes the [[formula]] ('''S <> D''') as the [[enjoymentmatheme]] is for the [[repetition|repetitivedrive]] movement of this closed circuit.
==Drive and Desire==The This formula is to be read: the [[bar]]ed [[subject]] in relation to [[demand]], the [[drivefading]] is not merely another name for of the [[desiresubject]]: they are before the [[partialinsistence]] of a [[demand]] that persists without any [[conscious]] aspects in which [[desireintention]] is realisedto sustain it.
[[Desire]] is one and undivided, whereas the [[drive]]s are [[partial]] manifestations of [[desire]].
==The circuit Dualism of the Drives=====Sigmund Freud: Life and Death===Throughout the various reformulations of drive-theory in [[driveFreud]] 's work, one constant feature is the only way for the [[subject]] to [[transgress]] the a basic [[pleasure principledualism]].
==Dualism==[[Freud]] At first this dualism was conceived the dualism of the in [[driveterms]]s in terms of an opposition between the [[life drive|sexual drive]]s (''[[Lebenstriebedrive|Sexualtriebe]]'') ((both on the one hand, and the [[pleasure principledrive|ego-drive]] and the s (''[[reality principledrive|Ichtriebe]]'') and the or [[death drive|drives of self-preservation]]s (''[[Todestriebedrive|Selbsterhaltungstriebe]]'')on the other.
[[Lacan]] retains the the basic dualism of This opposition was problematized by [[Freud]]'s theory of growing realization, in the period 1914-20, that the [[drive|ego-drive]]s (against the monism of [[Jung]], who argued that all [[psychic]] forces could be reduced to one single concept of [[psychic]] [[energy]]).<ref>{{S1}} l18-20)are themselves sexual.</ref>
He was thus led to reconceptualize the dualism of the [[Lacandrive]] prefers to reconceptualise this dualism s in terms of an opposition between the [[symbolicdrive|life drive]]s (''[[drive|Lebenstriebe]] '') and the [[imaginarydeath drive]], and not in terms of an opposition between different kinds of s (''[[death drive|Todestriebe]]s'').
For ===Jacques Lacan: Symbolic and Imaginary===[[Lacan]], all argues that it is important to retain [[driveFreud]]'s are [[sexual]] dualism, and rejects the monism of [[driveJung]]s, and every who argued that all [[drivepsychic]] is a forces could be reduced to one single concept of psychic [[death driveenergy]]. <ref>{{S1}} p.118-20</ref>
Since every However, [[Lacan]] prefers to reconceptualize this dualism in terms of an opposition between the [drive[symbolic]] is excessive, and the [[repetitiveimaginary]], and ultimately destructive.<ref>{{Ec}} pnot in terms of an opposition between different kinds of [[drive]]s.848)</ref>
==Formula==In 1957Thus, in the context of the for [[graph of desireLacan]], all [[Lacandrive]] proposes the s are [[formuladrive|sexual drive]] (SO D) as the s, and every [[mathemedrive]] for the is a [[death drive]] since every [[drive]]is excessive, [[repetition|repetitive]], and ultimately destructive.<ref>{{Ec}} p. 848</ref>
This ==Drive and Desire==The [[formuladrive]] is s are closely related to be read: the [[bardesire]]red ; both originate in the field of the [[subject]] in relation , as opposed to the [[demanddrive|genital drive]], the which (if it [[fadingexists]] of the ) finds its [[subjectform]] before on the insistence side of a the [[demandOther]] that persists without any [[conscious]] [[intention]] to sustain it.<ref>{{S11}} p.189</ref>
==more==The DriveHowever, the [[drive]] is not merely [[another]] [[name]] for [[desire]]: they are the partial aspects in which [[desire]] is realized.
The drive for Lacan [[Desire]] is not a biological phenomenon but a more complex force with a more subtle role in psychological explanation (Marks, Glowinski, one and Murphy 2001undivided, 104). Because words and images are whereas the key to the psyche and we live in a state where our natural engagement with the world, unconstrained by order and responsive to jouissance, has (following the mirror phase) been displaced in favor of a sense of self in relation to others, we [[drive]]s are no longer merely ciphers of biology and instincts (albeit at a complex level). The world is a world that has taught me that I too have an image and that I (and mother) live under the name partial manifestations of the father, the absent–present logos arising from the preeminence of the phallus (itself not fully understood). I can never be the phallus and I can never grasp my own imago. For that reason my [[desire as a human being is always a product of self, the world, and language or signification. The self I want to be I can never be because I cannot know what it is and it is nothing until I make it so (to a plan I do not fully understand). It is in the light of these multiple uncertainties, shifts in signification and reality, and discontinuities, that human psychology articulates itself]].
==See Also==
{{See}}
* [[Biology]]
* [[Death drive]]
* [[Demand]]
||
* [[Desire]]
* [[Instinct]]
* [[Need]]
||
* [[Pleasure principle]]
* [[Sexuality]]
* [[Subject]]
{{Also}}
==References==
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