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Cogito
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==Jacques Lacan===="Cogito Ergo Sum"==[[Lacan]]'s works abound in references to the famous phrase by [[Descartes]], ''cogito ergo sum'' ("I [[think]], therefore I am"). This phrase (which [[Lacan]] often refers to simply as 'the ''[[cogito]]''') comes to stand, in [[Lacan]]'s [[work]], for [[Descartes]]'s entire [[philosophy]]. [[Lacan]]'s attitude to [[Cartesian]]ism is extremely [[complex]], and only a few of the most important points can be summarised here.
Although [[Lacan]]'s attitude to does not believe that the modern western concept of the [[ego]] was invented by [[Descartes]] or by any [[other]] [[individual]], he argues that it was [[born]] in the same era in which [[Descartes]] was [[Cartesianwriting]]ism is extremely complex(the mid-sixteenth to the early seventeenth century), and only a few of the most important points can be summarised hereis particularly clearly expressed by [[Descartes]].<ref>{{S2}} pp.6-7</ref>
Thus, although this concept of the [[ego]] seems so [[nature|natural]] and [[time|eternal]] to western man today, it is in fact a relatively [[recent]] [[culture|cultural construct]]; its [[time|eternal]]-[[nature|natural]] [[appearance]] is in fact an [[illusion]] produced by [[punctuation|retroaction]].<ref>{{S2}} p. 4-5</ref>
==Psychoanalysis==[[Lacan]] argues that the [[experience]] of [[psychoanalytic]] [[treatment]] is an experience that leads us to oppose any [[philosophy]] directly issuing from the ''[[Cogito]]''.<ref>{{E}} p. 1; {{S2}} p. 4</ref> [[Freud]]'s discovery of the [[unconscious]] subverts the [[Cartesian]] concept of [[subjectivity]] because it disputes the [[Cartesian]] equation [[subject]] = [[ego]] = [[consciousness]]. One of [[Lacan]]'s main criticisms of [[ego-psychology]] and [[object-relations theory]] is that these [[school]]s betrayed [[Freud]]'s discovery by returning to the [[Freud|pre-Freudian]] concept of the [[subject]] as an [[autonomous ego]].<ref>{{S2}} p. l1</ref>
Thus the ''[[cogito]]'' contains within itself the seeds of its own subversion, by putting forward a concept of [[subjectivity]] which undermines the modern concept of the [[ego]].
This concept of [[subjectivity]] refers to what [[Lacan]] calls "[[The Subject|the subject ]] of [[science]]": a [[subject]] who is denied all intuitive access to [[knowledge]] and is thus [[left ]] with [[reason ]] as the only path to [[knowledge]].<ref>{{Ec}} p.831; {{Ec}} p.858</ref> --
==Unconscious==
By opposing the [[subject]] to the [[ego]], [[Lacan]] proposes that the [[subject]] of the [[Cartesian]] ''[[cogito]]'' is in fact one and the same as the [[subject]] of the [[unconscious]].
[[Psychoanalysis]] can thus operate with a [[Cartesian]] method, advancing from [[doubt]] to [[certainty]], with the crucial [[difference ]] that it does not start from the [[statement ]] "I think" but from the [[affirmation ]] "it thinks."<ref>{{S11}} p.35-6</ref>
[[Lacan]] rewrites [[Descartes]]'s phrase in various ways, such as "I think where I am not, therefore I am where I do not think."<ref>{{E}} p.166</ref>
==Subject of the Statement/Enunciation==[[Lacan]] also uses the ''[[cogito]]'' to distinguish between the [[subject]] of the [[statement]] and the [[subject]] of the [[enunciation]].<ref>{{S11}} p.138-42; see {{Sl7S17}} p.180-4</ref>
==See Also==
{{See}}
* [[Autonomous ego]]
* [[Consciousness]]
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* [[Ego]]
* [[Ego-psychology]]
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* [[Enunciation]]
* [[Knowledge]]
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* [[Object-relations theory]]
* [[Philosophy]]
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* [[Subject]]
* [[Unconscious]]
{{Also}}
==References==
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[[Category:Dictionary]]
[[Category:Jacques Lacan]]
[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
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