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==Sigmund Freud==
<!-- =====Definition===== -->
<!-- The [[Oedipus complex]] is a central [[concept]] in [[psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic theory. is considered by [[Freud]] as one of the "cornerstones" of [[psychoanalysis]].<ref>{{F}} (1923a) "[[Sigmund Freud:Bibliography|Two Encyclopaedia Articles]]", [[SE]], Vol. 18, p. 247.</ref> [[Freud]]'s conception of the [[Oedipus complex]] is probably one of the most popularized and at the same [[time]] one of the most misunderstood [[ideas]] of [[psychoanalysis]]. -->
The "[[Oedipus complex]]" is a concept used by [[Sigmund Freud]] to refer to the [[unconscious]] [[sexual difference|sexual]] [[desire]] of the [[child]] - especially a [[male]] [[child]] - for the parent of the opposite sex, usually accompanied by hostility and [[rivalry]] with the parent of the same sex.
<!-- The [[Oedipus complex]] was defined by [[Freud]] as an [[unconscious]] set of loving and hostile [[desire]]s which the [[subject]] experiences in relation to its [[parents]]; the [[subject]] [[desire]]s one parent, and thus enters into rivalry with the [[other]] parent. In the "positive" [[form]] of the [[Oedipus complex]], the [[desire]]d parent is the parent of the opposite sex to the [[subject]], and the parent of the same sex is the rival. / The "[[Oedipus complex]]" is a term developed by [[Sigmund Freud]] to designate the attraction on the part of the child toward the parent of the opposite sex and rivalry and hostility toward the parent of its own. -->
<!-- The [[existence]] of the Oedipus complex explains the [[child]]s [[sexual]] attaction towards the parent of the opposite sex and jealously of the parent of the same sex. -->
<!-- It initially refers to the boy's [[perception]] of his mother as a [[sexual object]] and of his father as a rival, but Freud's description of this '[[universal]] phenomenon' becomes more complicated as he integrates the findings of his studies of the 'sexual theories of [[children]].' -->
<!-- The [[Oedipus complex]] is rather more complicated than this, though, and represents [[Freud]]'s attempt to map the [[ambivalnce|ambivalent]], both [[love|loving]] and hostile, [[feelings]] that the [[child]] has towards its parents. In its positive form the complex manifests itself as the desire for the [[death]] of a rival, the parent of the same sex, accompanied by the sexual desire for the parent of the opposite sex. In its [[negative]] form the complex works in reverse, as the desire for the parent of the same sex and a [[hatred]] towards the parent of the opposite sex. In actual fact, a so-called 'normal' Oedipus complex consists of both positive and negative forms. What is important [[about]] the Oedipus complex is how the child learns to negotiate and resolve its ambivalent feelings towards its parents. -->
<!-- =====''Oedipus Rex''===== -->
The complex is named after [[Oedipus]], a prominent [[figure]] in Greek mythology who unwittingly killed his [[father]] and [[married]] his [[mother]].
<!-- The term is named after the [[Oedipus]], a prominent figure in Greek mythology who unwittingly unknowingly killed his father and married his mother. Taking his cue from the ancient Greek [[tragedy]] by [[Sophocles]], [[Oedipus Rex]], where [[Oedipus]] unwittingly kills his [[father]] and becomes king by marrying his [[mother]], [[Freud]] suggested that our deepest [[unconscious]] [[desire]] is to [[murder]] our [[father]] and marry our [[mother]]. -->
<!-- One of the cornerstones of the [[theory]] of [[psychoanalysis]], the [[idea]] of the [[Oedipus complex]] derives from the Greek legend that tells how [[Oedipus]] unwittingly killed his father Laius and married his mother Jocasta. When he finally learns what he has done, he blinds himself./ It comes from the Greek myth of Oedipus, a Greek hero who unknowingly killed his father and married his mother. / The term derives from ''[[Oedipus]]'' was a prominent figure in Greek mythology who killed his father and married his mother. / [[Freud]] attributes the "gripping [[power]]" of [[Sophocles]]' play, ''[[Oedipus Rex]]'' to its depiction of what [[Freud]] considers a "universal [[event]] in early [[childhood]]." -->
<!-- Followers of the [[psychologist]] Sigmund Freud long believed that the Oedipus complex was common to all cultures, although many psychiatrists now refute this [[belief]]. -->
<!-- =====[[History]]===== -->
<!-- References to the [[Oedipus complex]] can be foudn in some of [[Freud]]'s earliest writings./ Although the term does not appear in [[Freud]]'s writings until 1910, traces of its origins can be found much earlier in his [[work]], and by 1910 it was already showing [[signs]] of the central importance that it was to acquire in all [[psychoanalytic theory]] thereafter. -->
<!-- The "[[Oedipus complex]]" is first introduced by [[Freud]] in 1901; it comes to acquire central importance in [[psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic theory]] thereafter. -->
<!-- The "[[Oedipus complex]]" was posited by [[Sigmund Freud]] as the central organizing [[principle]] of [[psychosexual]] development. crucial [[stage]] in the normal [[developmental]] [[process]]. -->
<!-- Although the [[Oedipus complex]] is absolutely central to Freud's theory of [[human]] development, no one paper is devoted to it. -->
===Phallic Phase===
The [[Oedipus complex]] emerges in the [[third]] year of [[life]] and then declines in the fifth year, and coincides with the [[phallic stage]] of [[development|psychosexual development]].
<!-- The Oedipus conflict, or Oedipus complex, was described as a [[state]] of [[psychosexual development]] and [[awareness]] first occurring around the age of 5 and a half years (a period known as the phallic stage in [[Freudian]] theory). -->
<!-- It occurs during the phallic stage of the [[psycho]]-sexual development of the [[personality]], approximately years [[three]] to five. The [[Oedipus complex]] emerges in the third year of life and then declines in the fifth year when the [[child]] [[renunciation|renounces]] [[desire|sexual desire]] for its parents and [[identification|identifies]] with the rival. -->
<!-- during which the primary [[erogenous zone]] of the [[body]] consists of the [[genital]] sex organs. when awareness of and manipulation of the genitals is supposed to be a primary source of [[pleasure]]/ during which a child becomes interested in his or her own sexual organs --
<!-- Freud came to assume that, by the time he has reached the ‘phallic’ stage of development, at around the age of four or five, the small boy is sexually interested in his mother, wishes to gain exclusive possession of her, and therefore harbours hostile impulses towards his father. -->
<!-- Freudians normally date the [[Oedipus complex]] to the ages of three to five years; according to [[Klein]], it occurs much earlier. -->
<!-- Freud saw this process as taking [[place]] between the ages of three and five years. With the [[resolution]] of the Oedipus complex sexuality goes through a period of '[[latency]]' until it reappears during [[puberty]] as adolescent sexuality. -->
<!-- Most controversially, Freud insisted that the Oedipus complex was a universal, trans-historical and trans-[[cultural]] phenomenon: <blockquote>[T]he Oedipus complex is the nuclear complex of [[neuroses]], and constitutes the essential part of their [[content]]. It represents the peak of [[infantile]] sexuality, which, through its after-effects, exercises a decisive influence on the sexuality of [[adults]]. Every new arrival on this planet is faced by the task of mastering the Oedipus complex; anyone who fails to do so falls a [[victim]] to [[neurosis]].<ref>Freud 1991d [1905]: 149</ref></blockquote> -->
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=====Castration Complex=====
The hostility towards the father arouses the [[fear]] that the father will remove the offending sex [[organ]] of the boy, called [[castration anxiety]]. The [[castration complex]] arises from the boy's assumption that, because girls are without a [[penis]], they must have suffered castration. The [[reality]] of castration is borught home to the boy when he sees the sexual anatomy of the [[girl]], which is [[lacking]] the protruding genitals of the male. The girl appears [[castrated]] to the boy. "If that could happen to her, it could also happen to me," is what he thinks. As a result of castration anxiety, the boy represses his incestuous desire for the mother an his hostility for the father, and the Oedipus complex [[disappears]].
-->
<!-- the fact that a girl does not hav emale genitals is therefore the result of her castration, -->
==Jacques Lacan==
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In [[Lacanian]] [[terms]], the [[Oedipus complex]] marks the transition from a [[dual]] and potentially incestuous [[relationship]] with the mother to a triadic relationship in which the [[role]] and [[authority]] of the father or the [[Name-of-the-Father]] are recognized. Although Lacan follows Freud in making the [[Oedipus complex]] the crucial [[moment]] in human development, he modifies the concept in a [[number]] of ways, both by introducing the idea of a symbolic phallic which is distinct from the [[biological]] penis, and by [[mapping]] it onto the transition from [[nature]] to [[culture]] described by [[Levi-Strauss]]. A succesful negotiation of the Oedipal triangle is a precondition for entry into the human symbolic order.
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===Family Complexes===
[[Lacan]] first addresses the [[Oedipus complex]] in his [[{{Y}}|1938]] article on the [[family complexes|family]], where he argues that it is the last and most important of the three "[[family]] [[complexes]]." At this point his account of the [[Oedipus complex]] does not differ from [[Freud]]'s, his only originality [[being]] to emphasize its historical and cultural relativity, taking his cue from the anthropological studies by Malinowski and [[others]].<ref>{{L}} 1938: 66</ref> It is in the 1950s that [[Lacan]] begins to develop his own distinctive conception of the [[Oedipus complex]]. Though he always follows [[Freud]] in regarding the [[Oedipus complex]] as the central complex in the [[unconscious]], he now begins to differ from [[Freud]] on a number of important points.
The most important of these is that in [[Lacan]]'s view, the [[subject]] always desires the [[mother]], and the [[father]] is always the rival, irrespective of whether the [[subject]] is [[male]] or [[female]]. Consequently, in [[Lacan]]'s account the [[male]] [[subject]] experiences the [[Oedipus complex]] in a radically asymmetrical way to the [[female]] [[subject]].
-->
<!-- In an early encyclopaedia [[article on the family]] (1938) [[Lacan]] adopted a fairly orthodox Freudian [[understanding]] of the Oedipus complex, and it was not until the 1950s and through the influence of Lévi-[[Strauss]] that Lacan began to develop his own distinctive '[[structural]]' [[model]] of the [[complex]]. For [[Lacan]], the [[Oedipus complex]] is primarily a symbolic structure. When two [[people]] live together or get married they do so forvery personal and intimate reasons, but at the same time there is a wider [[social]] or symbolic aspect to this relationship. A relationship or [[marriage]] concerns not just the two people involved but also a [[whole]] social network of friends, relations and institutions. Thus, personal relationships situate men and women in a symbolic circuit of social [[meanings]]. According to [[Lacan]], therefore, we must distinguish between the real people involved and [[the symbolic]] [[structures]] that organize relationships between men and women. In our [[society]] the primary structure that defines our symbolic and unconscious relations is the Oedipus complex. More precisely the [[Oedipus complex]] represents a triangular structure that breaks the binary relationship established between the [[mother]] and [[child]] in [[the imaginary]], although, as we will see, the imaginary is never simply a dual structure - there is always a third element involved. The infant's earliest experiences are characterized by absolute [[dependence]] upon the mother as she fulfils the child's [[needs]] of feeding, caring and nurturing. At the same time the child is faced with the enigma around the (m)other's desire - What am I in the Other's desire? The answers the child comes up with will be crucial to its resolution of the [[Oedipus complex]]. -->
===Symbolic Structure===
The [[Oedipus complex]] is, for [[Lacan]], the paradigmatic triangular [[structure]], which contrasts with all [[dual relation]]s (though see the final paragraph below). The key function in the [[Oedipus complex]] is thus that of the [[father]], the third term which transforms the [[dual relation]] between [[mother]] and [[child]] into a [[triad]]ic [[structure]]. The [[Oedipus complex]] is thus [[nothing]] less than the passage from the [[imaginary]] [[order]] to the [[symbolic order]], "the conquest of the symbolic relation as such."<ref>{{S3}} p.199</ref> The fact that the passage to the [[symbolic]] passes via a complex sexual [[dialectic]] means that the [[subject]] cannot have access to the [[symbolic order]] without confronting the problem of [[sexual difference]].
===Times===
In ''[[Seminar|The Seminar, Book V]]'', [[Lacan]] analyzes this passage from the [[imaginary]] to the [[symbolic]] by [[identification|identifying]] three "[[times]]" of the [[Oedipus complex]], the sequence being one of [[logical]] rather than [[chronological]] priority.<ref>{{L}} 1957-8: [[seminar]] of 22 January 1958</ref>
<!-- The first time of the [[Oedipus complex]] is characterized by the [[imaginary]] [[triangle]] of [[mother]], [[child]] and [[phallus]]. prior to the invention of the [[father]] there is never a purely [[dual relation]] between the [[mother]] and the [[child]] but always a third term, the [[phallus]], an [[imaginary]] [[object]] which the [[mother]] [[desire]]s beyond the [[child]] himself (S4, 240-1). [[Lacan]] hints that the presence of the [[imaginary]] [[phallus]] as a third term in the [[imaginary]] [[triangle]] -->
<!-- In the previous [[seminar]] of 1956-7, [[Lacan]] calls this the [[preoedipal]] [[triangle]]. However, whether this [[triangle]] is regarded as [[preoedipal]] or as a moment in the [[Oedipus complex]] itself, the main point is the same: namely, that prior to the invention of the [[father]] there is never a purely [[dual relation]] between the [[mother]] and the [[child]] but always a third term, the [[phallus]], an [[imaginary]] [[object]] which the [[mother]] [[desire]]s beyond the [[child]] himself (S4, 240-1). [[Lacan]] hints that the presence of the [[imaginary]] [[phallus]] as a third term in the [[imaginary]] [[triangle]] indicates that the [[symbolic]] [[father]] is already functioning at this time.<ref>{{L}} 1957-8: [[seminar]] of 22 January 1958</ref> -->