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==Sigmund Freud's view of obsessional =====Symptoms===[[Obsessional neurosis appeared as early ]] was first developed as a diagnostic [[category]] by [[Sigmund Freud]] in 1894. In "The Neuro-Psychoses doing so, [[Freud]] grouped together as one condition a series of Defence" (1894a) he broke [[symptom]]s which had been described long before but which had been linked with the conceptions of classical psychiatry and stipulated that the cause a variety of obsessional neurosis lies in the existence of an intrapsychic conflict of sexual origin that mobilizes and blocks all flows of energydifferent diagnostic [[categories]]. He thus opposed the classical theory of degeneration <ref>Laplanche, Jean and the idea of innate weakness of the ego that Pierre Janet used as the basis for his description of psychasthenia. Freud proposed a traumatic etiology for obsessional neurosis. An early sexual event occurs before puberty; howeverPontalis, in contrast to what happens in hysteria, this event is a source of pleasure to the childJean-Bertrand. ''The individual experiences strong feelings [[Language]] of guilt and is overcome by self[[Psycho]]-reproach[[Analysis]]'', trans. These feelings are repressed Donald Nicholson-Smith, [[London]]: Hogarth Press and then replaced by a primary system the Institute of symptoms and traitsPsycho-Analysis, 1973 [1967]: scrupulousness281-2</ref> These [[symptom]]s include obsessions (recurrent [[ideas]]), shame, mistrust of self. The success of these defenses allows the individual impulses to go through an apparently healthy period. But eventually these defenses are exhausted perform actions which seem absurd and there is a return of /or abhorrent to the repressed memories with the outbreak of the illness [[subject]], and its attendant symptoms"[[rituals]]" (compulsively repeated actions such as checking or washing).

In "The Disposition to Obsessional Neurosis: A Contribution to the Problem ==Jacques Lacan=====Structure===While [[Lacan]] also sees these [[symptom]]s as typical of Choice of Neurosis" (1913i), Freud defended the idea that the choice of this [[obsessional neurosis is linked to developmental inhibitions]], and he stressed the role of fixation and regression to the anal-sadistic stage. He suggested "the possibility argues that a chronological outstripping of libidinal development by ego development should be included in the disposition to [[obsessional neurosis. A precocity of this kind would necessitate the choice ]] designates not a set of [[symptom]]s but an object under the influence of the ego-instincts, at a time when the sexual instincts had underlying [[structure]] which may or may not yet assumed their final shape, and a fixation at the stage of the pregenital sexual organization would thus be left" (p. 325). Thus, in the object relation, hate will precede love and "obsessional neurotics have to develop a super-morality [[manifest]] itself in order to protect their object-love from the hostility lurking behind [[symptom]]s typically associated with it" (p. 325). This opposition between love and hate for Thus the object was underscored by Freud in the case [[subject]] may well exhibit none of the "Rat Man," related in "Notes upon a Case of Obsessional Neurosis" (1909d). He saw it typical obsessional [[symptom]]s and yet still be diagnosed as the source of the doubt, compulsions, and ambivalence that are characteristic of an [[obsessional functioningneurotic]] by a [[Lacan]]ian [[analyst]].

In "Inhibitions==Neurosis==Following [[Freud]], Symptoms and Anxiety," Freud described the two main defense mechanisms in [[Lacan]] classes [[obsessional neurosis that replace repression: undoing what has been done and isolation. The first ]] as one of these, undoing (Ungeschehenmachen), means making something that has already happened "unhappen" by means of a symbolic motor action; it is also found in magical practices, folk customs, and religious rituals. The second, isolation, involves the motor sphere and consists in the fact that after an unpleasurable event there is a pause during which nothing further can happen, no perception is possible, and no action can take place. Motor isolation functions to guarantee a break in the connection main forms of thoughts[[neurosis]].

===Question of Existence===In 1956, [[Lacan]] develops the same way [[idea]] that , like [[hysteria]], [[obsessional neurosis]] is essentially a question which [[being]] poses for the [[subject]].<ref>{{S3}} pp. 179-80</ref> The question which constitutes [[obsessional patient enacts neurosis]] concerns the taboo against touching [[contingency]] of one's [[existence]] (which also testifies to the special burden of [[guilt]] felt by the [[obsessional]]); the [[obsessional]] performs some compulsive [[ritual]] because he fears thinks that contact with the object this will force enable him to face his unbound ambivalence between love and hate)escape the [[lack]] in the [[Other]], the isolation [[castration]] of an impression or an activity, by means of a break in the chain of thoughts[[Other]], symbolically indicates that he does not want to allow thoughts relating to it to "contaminate" other thoughts. This mechanism which is present in normal people often represented in their everyday mental activities involving concentration[[fantasy]] as some terrible disaster.

The fundamental rule ===Example of free association involves asking Rat Man===For example, in the ego to give up this defense. The [[case]] of one of [[Freud]]'s [[obsessional neurotic]] [[patient]]s, whom [[Freud]] nicknamed the [[Rat Man]], the [[patient suffering from obsessional neurosis finds it particularly difficult ]] had developed elaborate rituals which he performed to follow this rulewar off the [[fear]] of a terrible [[punishment]] being inflicted on his [[father]] or on his [[beloved]]. This is why<ref>[[Freud|Freud, paradoxicallySigmund]]. "[[Works of Sigmund Freud|Notes Upon a Case of Obsessional Neurosis]], psychoanalysis is both the most indicated treatment for these patients and at the same time the most difficult to implement" 1909d.[[SE]] X, 155</ref>

Like ===Structure of Religion===These rituals, both in their [[form]] and [[content]], led [[Freud, ]] to draw parallels between the psychoanalysts who came after him always placed the accent on the obsessional [[structure rather than on symptoms. This poses problems ]] of terminology. The term [[obsessional neurosis is not the exact equivalent of the German Zwangsneurose : Zwang refers not just to compulsive thought or obsessions (Zwangsvorstellungen), but also to compulsive acts (Zwangshandlungen) ]] and compulsive affects (Zwangsaffekte). Certain French authors therefore prefer to use the term névrose de contrainte, and some American authors prefer the term compulsive neurosis. Obsessional functioning is the preferred term for the group [[structure]] of processes and defense mechanisms that characterize obsessional neurosis[[religion]], but parallels which are [[Lacan]] also present, to a lesser degree, in other patients, in the form of obsessive personality traits or a system of defenses put up as an alternative to a costlier mode of psychic functioning, psychotic functioning[[notes]].

In this regard, let us note that because organized obsessional neuroses are sometimes extremely debilitating, the categorization of this pathology has been questioned and it has been compared with the psychoses. Several factors present in ===Sexual Position===Whereas the former are lacking in [[hysterical]] question concerns the latter: self-recrimination by the ego, adherence to insistent preoccupations[[subject]]'s [[sexual position]] ("Am I a [[man]] or a [[woman]]?"), and the deployment of elaborate defenses. In the [[obsessional patientneurotic]] repudiates this question, affective isolation allows the ego to cut itself off from desirerefusing both [[sexes]], whereas in psychosis the ego is cut off from reality.calling himself neither [[male]] nor [[female]]:

==Dictionary==obsessional neurosis (nÈvrose obsessionnelle) Obsessional neurosis was first isolated as a specific diagnostic category by Freud in 1894. In doing so, Freud grouped together as one condition a series of symptoms which had been described long before but which had been linked with a variety of different diagnostic categories (Laplanche and Pontalis, 1967: 281-2). These symptoms include obsessions (recurrent ideas), impulses to perform actions which seem absurd and/or abhorrent to the subject, and 'rituals' (compulsively repeated actions such as checking or washing). While Lacan also sees these symptoms as typical of obsessional neurosis, he argues that obsessional neurosis designates not a set of symptoms but an underlying STRUCTURE which may or may not manifest itself in the symptoms typically associated with it. Thus the subject may well exhibit none of the typical obsessional symptoms and yet still be diagnosed as an obsessional neurotic by a Lacanian analyst. Following Freud, Lacan classes obsessional neurosis as one of the main forms of NEUROSIs. In 1956, Lacan develops the idea that, like HYSTERIA (Of which Freud said it is a 'dialect'), obsessional neurosis is essentially a question which being poses for the subject (S3, 174). The question which constitutes obsessional neurosis concerns the contingency of one's existence, the question about DEATH, which may be phrased 'To be or not to be?', 'Am I dead or alive?', or 'Why do I exist?' (S3, 179-80). The response of the obsessional is to work feverishly to justify his existence (which also testifies to the special burden of guilt felt by the obsessional); the obsessional performs some compulsive ritual because he thinks that this will enable him to escape the lack in the Other, the castration of the Other, which is often represented in fantasy as some terrible disaster. For example, in the case of one of Freud's obsessional neurotic patients, whom Freud nicknamed the Rat Man, the patient had developed elaborate rituals which he performed to ward off the fear of a terrible punishment being inflicted on his father or on his beloved (Freud, 1909d). These rituals, both in their form and content, led Freud to draw parallels between the structure of obsessional neurosis and the structure of religion, parallels which Lacan also notes.Whereas the hysterical question concerns the subject's sexual position ('Am I a man or a womanT), the obsessional neurotic repudiates this question, refusing both sexes, calling himself neither male nor female: '<blockquote>"The obsessional is precisely neither one [sex] nor the other - one may also say that he is both at once' (."<ref>{{S3, }} p. 249).</ref></blockquote> ===Attitude to Time===[[Lacan ]] also draws attention to the way that the [[obsessional neurotic]]'s question [[about ]] [[existence ]] and [[death ]] has consequences for his attitude to [[time]]. This attitude can be one of perpetual [[hesitation ]] and procrastination while waiting for [[death (]],<ref>{{E, }} p. 99), </ref> or of considering oneself immortal because one is already [[dead (]].<ref>{{S3, }} p. 180).</ref> ===Guilt and Anal Eroticism===Other features of [[obsessional neurosis ]] which [[Lacan ]] comments on are the [[sense ]] of [[guilt]], and the close connection with [[anal erotism]] [[eroticism]]. In respect of the latter, [[Lacan ]] remarks that the [[Obsessional neurosis|obsessional neurotic ]] does not only transform his shit into gifts and his gifts into shit, but also transforms himself into shit (.<ref>{{S8, }} p. 243).</ref>

* [[Activity/passivity]]* [[Ambivalence]]* [[Anality]]* [[Anal-sadistic stage]]* [["A.Z."]]* [[Castration complex]]* [[Compromise formation]]* [[Compulsion]]{{See}}* [[Death and psychoanalysis]]* [[Demand]]* [[Displacement]]* [[Doubt]]* [[Eroticism, analExistence]]* [["From the History of an Infantile Neurosis" (Wolf Man)]]* [[Future of an Illusion, The]]* [["Heredity and the Etiology of the Neuroses"]]* [[Id]]* [["Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety"]]* [[Instinctual impulse]]* [[Intellectualization]]||* [[Isolation (defense mechanism)Hysteria]]

* [[Obsession]]* [[Omnipotence, infantile]]* [[Omnipotence of thought]]* [[Phobia of committing impulsive acts]]* [[Psychic structure]]* [[Neuro-psychosis of defense]]* [[Quota of affect]]* [[Rationalization]]* [[Reaction-formation]]||* [[Religion and psychoanalysis]]* [["Repression"]]* [[Rite and ritual]]* [[Secondary revision]]* [[Self-punishment]]* [[]]* [[Symptom-formation]]* [[Taboo]]* [[Thought]]||* [[TicsStructure]]* [[Turning around upon the subject's own self]] ==References==<references/># Freud, Sigmund. (1913i). The disposition to obsessional neurosis: A contribution to the problem of choice of neurosis. SE, 12: 311-326. [[Category:NewTreatment]]{{Also}}

</div>[[Category:Dictionary]][[Category:Jacques Lacan]]