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==Sigmund Freud==
[[Freud]] describes [[psychoanalysis]] as comprising:
# a [[discipline]] founded on a procedure for the investigation of [[mental]] [[processes]] that are otherwise inaccessible because they are [[unconscious]];
# a therapeutic method for the treatment of [[neurotic]] disorders; and
# a [[body]] of [[psychological]] data evolving into a new scientific discipline.
<!-- [[PsychoanalysisFreud]] is the 's [[theorythird]] and broadest [[category]] comprises his [[practicework]] initiated by on [[Sigmund Freudculture]] (1856-1936) founded which is based largely on the discovery view that culture is a product of the diversion or [[sublimation]] of [[sexual]] [[energy]]) and art, which provides the starting-point for the many varieties of [[unconsciouspsychoanalytic criticism]].-->
Although the [[history]] of [[psychoanalysis]] is inseparable from that of [[Freud]]'s [[life]] and of the long [[self]]-analysis which led him to write his great ''[[Interpretation of Dreams]]'' (1900), it is clear that his new [[science]] is rooted in the traditions of nineteenth-century psychology and [[biology]]. [[Freud]]'s ventures into [[anthropology]], which he views as an integral part of his new scientific discipline, are also influenced by nineteenth-century theories of evolution and by their attendant eurocentrism; hence the analogy between the "mental life of savages and neurotics" posited in ''[[Totem and Taboo]]'' (1913), and the argument that the life of an [[individual]] re-enacts or repeats the life of the [[species]]. It is also clear that [[Freud]]'s descriptions of the workings of the [[unconscious]], with it s flows of energy, and of [[libido]] and its mechanisms of [[discharge]], owe much to the [[physics]] and hydraulics of his age.
<!-- [[Freud]] distinguishes between constantly revises and reworks his theories, and all the modifications he introduces are closely related to developments at the [[psychoanalysisclinical]] level as# he gradually abandons the therapeutic [[technique]] of [[hypnosis]] and [[catharsis]] in favor of the [[talking cure]], and moves from his early [[seduction theory]] of [[hysteria]] to a method for investigating [[unconscioustheory]] of both [[neurosis]] and normal [[development]] that is based upon the discovery of the [[Oedipus complex]] and its vital importance in [[psychosexual]] mental processesdevelopment. Yet despite all the changes that are introduced,# there is a method for treating neurotic disordersconstant emphasis on the [[unconscious'' and on sexuality, defined in such broad terms as to include the oral and# a set of anal dimensions and not merely the narrowly genital or procreative dimension. It is the emphasis on sexuality that leads to the major disagreements between [[Freud]] and [[Jung]], whom the former at one point regarded as his crown prince. [[Freud]]'s theories about are obviously not beyond criticism, but they have had an incalculable impact on the mental processes revealed twentieth-century [[vision]] of [[sexuality]], not least by insisting the psychoanalytic method [[children]] are not asexual and have a [[sexual life]] of investigation and treatmenttheir own.<ref>Freud1905a. 1923a1908a. Standard Edition. XVIII. p.235</ref> The best account of the gradual development of the technique of [[psychoanalysis]] is that provided by [[Freud]] himself in his correspondence with [[Wilhelm Fliess]], with whom he collaborated in the 1980s, in the studies n [[hysteria]] coauthored with [[Breuer]], and in the five published [[case]] studies. -->
The technique that evolved is the method of [[free association]], with the patient or analysand lying on a couch and with the analyst sitting slightly to the rear and out of eyeshot. The [[patient]] is required to tell everything and omit [[nothing]]; the [[analyst]] to listen to everything and to privilege nothing. [[Free association]] around [[dreams]] or [[memories]] allows [[unconscious]] [[chain]]s of [[fantasies]] and [[wish]]es to be reconstructed and then [[interpreted]] so as to uncover underlying [[structures]], which, typically, relate to the [[Oedipus complex]] and [[repressed]] [[childhood]] [[memories]], usually with a sexual [[content]].
<!-- Although [[dream]]s are described by [[Freud]] as "the royal road to the unconscious," (1900) it should be noted that the [[psychoanalyst]]'s raw [[material]] is not the [[unconscious]] itself (which is by definition inaccesible), but material that has already been shaped by the [[dream-work]]. -->
The central factor in the [[analytic treatment]] is the [[transference]] that allows [[unconscious]] or [[repressed]] material to be reactualized in [[verbal]] [[form]] rather than reproduced in [[symptom]]s, and [[projection|projected]] onto the [[analyst]]. In a classic [[Freud]]ian [[psychoanalysis]], the [[analysand]] has daily sessions of [[analysis]], each lasting fifty minutes (the so-called 'analytic hour'); the payment of fees is held to have great [[symbolic]] importance. [[Freud]] never claimed that his method was a [[universal]] panacea, but once remarked with typically [[pessimistic]] wit that it could transform "[[hysterical]] misery" into "common unhappiness."<ref>1893-5.</ref> Although [[psychoanalysis]] is widely practiced and has had an important influence on related therapeutic methods, it has never been defined in either medical or [[legal]] [[terms]]. The [[profession]] is self-regulated and its standards of [[practice]] are defined by the various national [[associations]] recognized by the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]]. The would-be [[psychoanalyst]] undertakes a personal [[analysis]] before embarking upon a rigorous [[training]] [[analysis]] designed to promote a [[recognition]] of the importance of [[transference]] and [[counter-transference]]. Qualified [[analysts]] normally work under the supervision of their seniors, and usually undertake at least one "second analysis." The first generation of [[psychoanalysts]] were, like [[Freud]] himself, doctors of [[medicine]], but suitably qualified non-medical or lay analysts were admitted to the profession from the 1920s onwards.<ref>Freud. 1926a.</ref> The desirability or otherwise of medical qualifications is a matter for the various national associations. The question of the scientific [[nature]] of [[psychoanalysis]] remains controversial. [[Freud]]'s own career was punctuated by a series of breaks with colleagues to whom he had once been close, and the history of the [[psychoanalytic]] movement is one of splits and schisms as well as of international expansion. All the major tendencies within contemporary psychoanalysis [[claim]] a [[Freudian]] ancestry, but take as their [[stating]]-point different periods in his work or different aspects of his theories. Very schematically, the main post-Freudian currents within [[psychoanalysis]] are [[ego-psychology]], [[Kleinian psychoanalysis]], [[object-relations theory]] and [[Lacanian psychoanalysis]]. ==NotesJacques Lacan==[[Lacan]] trained initially as a [[psychiatrist]], and turned to [[psychoanalysis]] to [[help]] him with his [[psychiatric]] research. This then led [[Lacan]] to train as a [[psychoanalyst]] himself in the 1930s. From then on, until his [[death]] in 1981, he dedicated himself to practicing as an [[analyst]] and developing [[psychoanalytic theory]]. In the [[process]], [[Lacan]] constructed a highly original way of discussing [[psychoanalysis]] which both reflected and determined an original way of conducting the [[treatment]]; in this [[sense]] it is thus possible to [[speak]] of a specifically [[Lacanian]] form of [[psychoanalytic treatment]]. However, [[Lacan]] never admits that he has created a distinctive "[[Lacanian]]" form of [[psychoanalysis]]. On the contrary, when he describes his own approach to [[psychoanalysis]], he speaks only of "[[psychoanalysis]]," thus implying that his own approach is the only authentic form of [[psychoanalysis]], the only one which is truly in line with [[Freud]]'s approach. Thus the [[three]] major non-[[Lacanian]] [[school]]s of [[psychoanalytic theory]] ([[Kleinian psychoanalysis]], [[Ego-psychology]], [[Object-relations theory]]) are all, in [[Lacan]]'s view, deviations from authentic [[psychoanalysis]] whose errors his own [[return to Freud]] is designed to correct. From the very beginning, [[Lacan]] argues that [[psychoanalytic theory]] is a [[scientific]] rather than a [[religious]] mode of [[discourse]], with a specific [[object]]. Attempts to apply [[concepts]] developed in psychoanalytic theory to [[other]] [[objects]] cannot claim to be doing "applied psychoanalysis," since [[psychoanalytic theory]] is not a general [[master]] discourse but the theory of a specific [[situation]].<ref>{{Ec}} p. 747</ref> [[Psychoanalysis]] is an [[autonomous]] discipline; it may borrow concepts from many other disciplines, but this does not meant that it is dependent on any of [[them]], since it reworks these concepts in a unique way. Thus psychoanalysis is not a brance of [[psychology]], nor of medicine, nor of [[philosophy]], nor of [[linguistics]], and it is certainly not a form of [[psychotherapy]], since its aim is not to "[[cure]]" but to articulate [[truth]]. ==See Also=={{See}}* [[Psychology]]* [[Unconscious]]{{Also}} <div style="font-size:11px" class="references-small">
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[[Category:Dictionary]]
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