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{{JL}}[[Image:LacanJacques-lacan-Roudinesco4.gifjpg|thumb|250px|right]]<!-- {{Infobox_Scientist| name = Jacques Lacan| image = Lacan3.jpg| image_width = 200px| caption = | birth_date = [[13 April]] [[1901]]| birth_place = [[Paris]], [[France]]| death_date = [[9 September]] [[1981]]|Cover of death_place = [[Paris]], [[Elisabeth RoudinescoFrance]]| residence = | citizenship = France| nationality = | ethnicity = | field = [[Psychology]]| work_institution = | alma_mater = | doctoral_advisor = | doctoral_students = | known_for = | author_abbreviation_bot = | author_abbreviation_zoo = | prizes = | religion = | footnotes = }}-->[[Jacques Lacan|Jacques-Marie Émile Lacan]] ([[Jacques Lacan:Chronology#1901|13 April 1901]] – [[Jacques Lacan:Chronology#1981|9 September 1981]]) was a [[French]] [[psychoanalyst]] and [[psychiatrist]] who made prominent contributions to psychoanalysis, [[philosophy]], and [[literary]] [[theory]]. Giving yearly [[seminars]] in Paris from 1953 to 1981, Lacan influenced France's biography of Lacanintellectuals in the 1960s and the 1970s, especially the post-[[structuralist]] [[philosophers]]. His interdisciplinary [[work]] is [[Freudian]], featuring the [[unconscious]], the [[castration]] [[complex]], the ego, [[identification]], and [[language]] as [[subjective]] [[perception]]. His [[ideas]] have had a significant impact on [[critical theory]], [[literary theory]], twentieth-century French philosophy, [[sociology]], [[feminist]] theory and [[clinical]]psychoanalysis.

'''Jacques<!--{| style="line-height:1.5em;valign:top;width:50%;text-align:left;"|class="MainPageBG" style="width:50%;border:0px solid #cccccc;background-color:#ffffff;vertical-align:top"|{| width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:left;line-height:2em;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff"|-|style="text-align:left;color:#000;line-height:2.5em;align:justify;"||{| width="100%" style="text-align:left;font-size:.95em;line-height:2em;background-Mariecolor:#fcfcfc;border:1px solid #aaa;padding-Émile Lacan''' ([[April 13]], [[1901]] &ndashleft:3px; " |{{See}}:1. [[September 9Jacques Lacan#Biography|Biography]], :2. [[1981Jacques Lacan#Theory|Theory]]) was a ||:3. [[FranceJacques Lacan#Practice|FrenchPractice]] :4. [[psychoanalystJacques Lacan#Bibliography|Bibliography]] and ||:5. [[psychiatristJacques Lacan#See Also|See Also]]:6. His work, like most psychoanalytic work, owes a heavy, explicit debt to [[Sigmund FreudJacques Lacan#References|References]], but also drew from a number of other fields, including linguistics, philosophy, and mathematics. This interdisciplinary focus in his work has led him to be an important figure in many fields beyond psychoanalysis {{Also}}|}|}|}-- particularly within [[critical theory]]. >

His central idea was that the human subject is ==Biography==<blockquote>''[[Chronology|Click here for a creation more complete chronology of its use of language. From this understanding '''Jacques Lacan develops his study of psychoanalysis and his treatment strategies''''s life]]. His work''</blockquote>;1901:13 April, while controversialJacques-Marie-Émile Lacan is [[born]] in Paris, continues to influence the development a [[family]] of psychoanalysis worldwidesolid [[Catholic]] [[tradition]]. In France and elsewhere various "schools" of Lacanian thought have emerged He is educated at the collège Stanislas, a Jesuit school.  Although there exist various competing emphases on Lacan After his ''baccalauréat''s work among these "schools", all agree in the fundamental importance of the unconscioushe studies [[medicine]] and later [[psychiatry]]. By structuring the options available to any speaking subject ;1927: Starts clinical [[training]], works at [[Sainte-Anne's hospital]]. A year later he works in the articulation of his or her desires, the unconscious determines the very fabric of human life as we may come to know it, according to LacanSpecial Infirmary Service where [[Clérambault]] had a [[practice]].;1932==Career==Lacan took up the study :Awarded doctorate for his [[thesis]], ''[[De la psychose paranoïaque dans ses rapports avec la personnalité]]''.;1933:The richness of medicine in 1920 and specialised in psychiatry from 1926. He undertook his own analysis around this time with thesis, especially the [[Rudolph Loewensteinanalysis]] and this continued until 1938. Lacan was very active in the world of Parisian writers, artists and intellectuals of the time: he was a friend [[case]] of [[André BretonAimée]], makes him famous with the [[Salvador DalíSurrealist]] s. BEtween this year and 1939 he takes [[PicassoKojève]]{{fact}}, and attended 's course at the ''mouvement Psyché'' founded by Ecole Pratique des Hautes [[Maryse ChoisyEtudes]]. He made contributions , an "Introduction to several Surrealist publications and was present at the first public reading of [[James Joycereading]]’s ''of [[Ulysses (novel)|UlyssesHegel]]''. In his studies he had a particular interest in the philosophic work of ";1934:He [[Karl Jaspersmarries]] and [[Martin HeideggerMarie-Louise]] andBlondon, alongside many other Parisian intellectuals of the time, he also attended the famous seminars on [[Hegelmother]] given by of [[Alexandre KojèveCaroline]], [[Thibaut]] and [[Sibylle]].   While in analysis with Rudolph [[Loewenstein]], Lacan presented his first analytic paper on ‘The Mirror Phase’ at the 1936 Congress becomes a member of the International Psychoanalytical Association in Marienbad. He was called up to serve in the French army after the German occupation of France and was posted to the Val-''[[[Société Psychanalytique de-Grâce military hospital in Paris. After the end of the war Lacan visited England for a five week study trip, meeting English analysts |Société psychanalytique de Paris]]]]'' ([[Wilfred BionSociété psychanalytique de Paris|SPP]] and John Rickman). He was much influenced by Bion’s analytic work with groups and this contributed to his own later emphasis on study groups (in France;1940:Works at Val-de-Grâce, cartels) as a structure with which to advance theoretical work the military hospital in psychoanalysisParis.  In 1951 Lacan started to hold a weekly seminar at the St-Anne Hospital Paris During the [[German]] Occupation, urging what he described as ‘a return to Freud’ and, does not take part in particular, to Freud’s concentration upon the linguistic nature of psychological symptomatology. Very influential in Parisian cultural life as well as in psychoanalytic theory and clinical practice, the seminars drew large crowds and continued for nearly thirty yearsany [[official]] [[activity]]. ;1946Lacan was a member of :In 1946, the Société Parisienne de Psychanalyse ([[SPP)]] resumes its activities and Lacan, which was a member body with Nacht and Lagache, takes charge of the training [[International Psychoanalytical Associationanalyses]] (IPA). In 1953, after a disagreement about analytic practice methods, Lacan and many of his colleagues left the SPP to form a new group the supervisory [[control]] and plays an important [[theoretical]] and institutional [[Société Française de Psychanalyserole]] (SFP). One of the consequences of this move was ;1951:The [[SPP]] begins to deprive raise the new group issue of membership within Lacan's [[short sessions]], as opposed to the IPAstandard analytical hour. ;1953:In January Lacan is elected President of the following years a complex process of negotiation was [[SPP]]. Six months later he resigns to take place to determine the status of join the ''[[Société Française de Psychanalyse]]'' ([[SFP within the IPA. Lacan’s practice]]) with D. Lagache, F. Dolto, with his controversial innovation of variableJ. Favez-length sessionsBoutonier among [[others]]. In Rome, and the critical stance he took towards much of the accepted orthodoxy of psychoanalytic theory and practice ledLacan delivers his report, in 1963"''[[Fonction et champ de la parole et du langage]]''". On 17 July he marries [[Sylvia]] Maklès, to a condition being set by the IPA that the registration mother of the SFP was dependent upon Lacan being removed from the list of training analysts with the organisation[[Judith]]. That autumn Lacan refused such a condition and left the SFP to form starts his own school which became know as the [[École Freudienne de Parisseminar]] (EFP). Leaving the Sts at the [[Hôspital Sainte-Anne Hospital where he had delivered his seminar up to this point Lacan began to give it instead at the elite higher education establishment the ]].;1954:The first ten [[École Normale Supérieureseminar]]s elaborate fundamental notions [[about]] [[psychoanalytic]] [[technique]], the essential [[concepts]]. Lacan began to set forth his own teaching on psychoanalysis to an audience of colleagues who had joined him from the SFP. His lectures also attracted many of the École Normale’s students.  Many students of Lacan became important psychoanalysts and/or wrote influential contributions to philosophy and other fields. [[Michel Foucaultpsychoanalysis]], and its [[Jacques Derrida]], [[Louis Althusserethics]]. During this period Lacan writes, on the basis of his seminars, conferences and addresses in colloquia, the major [[Jacques-Alain Millertexts]], that are found in ''[[Luce IrigarayEcrits]], '' in 1966.;1956:Celebrities are attracted to his seminars ([[Jean LaplancheHyppolite]], and even 's analysis of [[Claude Levi-StraussFreud]], for example, all attended Lacan's seminars at some point. Lacan's first seminar in 1964 was later published in English as ''article on ''Dé[[The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysisnégation]]''. Lacan continued to deliver his public exposition of analytic theory and practice for , given during the next seventeen years. ==The 'Return to Freud'==Following Freud's deathfirst seminar, psychoanalytic practice split into many differing schools of thoughtis a well-known example). Against the backdrop of these divergent currents of psychoanalytic theory [[Alexandre Koyré]], Claude Lévi-[[Strauss]], Lacan called for a 'return to Freud'. Lacan accused later psychoanalysts of a superficial understanding of FreudMaurice [[Merleau-Ponty]], claiming they had so cautiously adhered to and ethnologist Marcel Griaule, Emile Benveniste among others attend his ideas that they had served to block rather than to induce scientific investigation of the mental processcourses. Lacan wanted ;1962:[[SFP]] members [[want]] to return to Freud's thought, and expand it in light of its own tensions and currents. In fact, near be recognized by the end of his life he remarked to a conference, "It is up to you to [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]] ([[IPA]]). The [[IPA]] issues an ultimatum: Lacan's [[name]] must be Lacanians if you wish; I am Freudiancrossed off the [[list]] of didacticians.";1963It should also be emphasised that Lacan insisted that his work was not:Two weeks before the expiry of the deadline set by the IPA (31 October), in his eyes, an interpretation but a ''translation'' the committee of didacticians of Freud into structural-linguistic terms. Freud's ideas the [[SFP]] gives up its courageous stand of 'slips 1962 and pronounces in favour of the tongue', jokes and suchlike – ban: Lacan insisted – all emphasised is no longer one of the agency of language in subjective constitution, such that had Freud lived contemporaneously with didacticians.;1964:Lacanians [[Claude Lévi-Strauss|Lévi-Straussform]]a Study Group on Psychoanalysis organized by Jean Clavreul, until Lacan official founds the ''[[Roland Barthes|BarthesEcole Française de Psychanalyse]] and'', principally, had Freud been aware of which soon becomes the work of ''[[Ferdinand Ecole Freudienne de Saussure|SaussureParis]], he would have done the same as him. In his famous essay, "Freud and Lacan", fellow structuralist '' ([[Louis AlthusserEFP]] makes this point particularly well:). With [[Lévi-Strauss]] and [[Althusser]]'s support, he is appointed lecturer at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes.;1965<blockquote>":In January Lacan begins his first great work ''new seminar on "[[The Interpretation Four Fundamental Concepts of Dreams'' […Psychoanalysis]], Freud studied " at the ‘mechanisms’ and ‘laws’ Ecole Normale Supérieure. His audience is made up of dreams, reducing their variants to two: ''displacement'' [[analysts]] and ''condensation''. Lacan recognized these as two essential figures of speechyoung students in philosophy at the ENS, called in linguistics notably [[respectivelyJacques-Alain Miller]] metonymy and metaphor. Hence slips;1966:[[Ecrits]], failuresParis: Seuil 1966. The book draws considerable attention to the [[EFP]], jokes and symptoms, like extending far beyond the intelligentsia.;1967:Lacan presents the elements of dreams themselves, become ''signifiers[[Acte]] de Fondation'', inscribed in of the chain of an unconscious discourse, doubling silently, i.e. deafeningly, [[EFP]]; its novelty lies in the misrecognition procedure of ‘repression’, the chain of the human subject’s verbal discourse. ''[[…passe] Hence the most important acquisitions of de Saussure and ]''. The ''[[passe]]'' consists of the linguistics that descends from him began to play a justified part testifying, in the understanding front of the process of the unconscious as well two ''passeurs'', to one's [[experience]] as that of an analysand and especially to the verbal discourse crucial [[moment]] of passage from the subject and [[position]] of their inter-relationship, i.e[[analysand]] to that of [[analyst]]. of their identical relation and non-relation in other words, of their reduplication and dislocation ( The ''décalagepasseurs'')." are chosen by their [[analyst]]s (Althusser, ‘Freud generally analysts of the EFP) and Lacan’ should be at the same [[stage]] in their [[analytic]] experience as the ''Lenin and Philosophy and other essayspassant'', trans. Ben Brewster (London: New Left Books They listen to him and then, 1971)in turn, pp. 191 – 192. </blockquote>  The 'return they testify to Freud'what they have heard in front of a committee for approval composed of the director, thereforeLacan, is primarily the realisation that the pervading agency and of the unconscious is to be understood as intimately tied some AE, ''[[analyste]] de l'école'' (analyst of the school). This committee's function is to select the analysts of the functions School and dynamics of language, where, for exampleto elaborate, after the signifier is irremediably divorced from the signifiedselecting [[process]], ultimately resulting in Lack. It is here that Lacan began his a 'work on "correcting" Freud from withinof [[doctrine]]'. As Malcolm Bowie puts it:;1969<blockquote>"For Lacan, Freud:The issue of the ''passe'' keeps invading the EFP's central insight was not [[life]]...] that the unconscious exists, but that it has structure, that this structure affects in innumerable ways what we say and do, and that in thus betraying itself it becomes accessible to analysis "''Le quatrième groupe''". (Malcolm Bowie, 'Jacques is formed around those who resign from the EFP disputing over Lacan' in John Sturrock (ed.), s methods for the analysts''Structuralism training and Since: From Lévi-Strauss to Derrida'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979), paccreditation. 118).</blockquote> (The 'return to Freud' in the full sense of the term, Lacan takes a stand in the crisis of the [[university]] that follows May [[1968]]: "If psychoanalysis cannot be articulated as briefly explained above, begins with his paper ‘The agency of the letter a [[knowledge]] and taught as such, it has no [[place]] in the unconscious or reason since Freud’ (''Écrits''university, ppwhich deals only with knowledge. 161 - 197).) " The ENS director finds a pretext for telling Lacan's principal challenge to Freudian theory that he is no longer welcome at the privilege that it accords to ENS at the beginning of the ego in self-determinationacademic year. The central pillar of Jacques Lacan Moreover, the journal ''Cahiers pour l's psychoanalytic theory is that "[[the unconscious is structured like a languageAnalyse]]". The unconscious, he argued, was not a more primitive or archetypal part of the mind separate from the conscious, linguistic ego'' has to cease publication, but rather, a formation every bit [[Vincennes]] appears as complex and linguistically sophisticated as consciousness itselfan alternative. If the unconscious is structured like a language, Michel [[Foucault]] asks Lacan argues, then to create and direct the self is denied any point Department of reference Psychoanlaysis at Vincennes. Thanks to which to be 'restored' following trauma or 'identity crisis'. In this wayLévi-Strauss, Lacan's thesis moves his seminars to the law school of the structurally dynamic unconscious is also a challenge to the ego psychology that Freud himself opposedPanthéon.;1974==Major concepts===== :The mirror stage (''le stade du miroir'') ===Vincennes Department of Psychoanalysis is renamed "[[Le Champ freudien]]" with Lacan its director and [[Jacques-Alain Miller]] its president.;1980The :On 9 January, Lacan announces the [[mirror stagedissolution]] is described in Lacan's essay, "The Mirror Stage as formative in of the function of the ''I'' as revealed EFP and asks those who [[wish]] to continue [[working]] with him to [[state]] their intentions in psychoanalytic experience"[[writing]]. He receives over one thousand letters within a week. On 21 February, Lacan announces the first founding of his the school ''Écrits[[La Cause freudienne]]'', which remains one of his seminal papers. Some have crudely put this as later renamed the point at which the child 'recognises' him- or herself in the mirror image[[Ecole de la Cause freudienne]]''.;1981:9 September, but this is unfaithful to what Lacan has dies in mind and also confuses his terminologyParis. <!--;1901 - 1938:[[Lacan's emphasis here is on the process of ''identification'' with an outside image or entity induced through, as he puts it, "insufficiency to anticipation – and which manufactures for the subject, caught up in ]] studies medicine and [[psychiatry]] and completes his [[De la psychose paranoiaque dans ses rapports avec la personalité|doctoral thesis]] on [[paranoia|paranoid]] [[psychosis]]. He presents a paper on the lure of spatial identification, the succession of phantasies that extends from a fragmented body[[mirror stage]] -image his first theoretical contribution to [[psychoanalysis]] - at a form conference of its totality that I shall call orthopaedic – and, lastly, to the assumption of the armour of an alienating identity, which will mark with its rigid structure the subject’s entire mental development" (the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]] in [[Marienbad]].;1938 - 1953 :[[Lacan, ]] is a member of the ''Écrits[[Société psychanalytique de Paris]]'' (rvd. edn., 2002), until he resigns to join the ''[[Société Française de Psychanalyse]]'The mirror stage', p. 5).;1953 - 1963It is significant that this process of identification is the first step towards the manufacture of the subject because all that follows it - the transition into the Imaginary and the Symbolic order - is based on this misrecognition :[[Lacan]] begins his first [[public]] [[seminar]] (''méconnaissance''which he will continue to give annually until his [[death]]): this is the process that Lacan detects as manifesting itself at every subsequent identification with another person. Thereafter, identity (''not'' he rises to be confused with 'identification') or suchlike throughout the subject's life. This is the start of a lifelong process of identifying the self become a renowned and controversial [[figure]] in terms of the Otherinternational psychoanalytic [[community]]. What is also occasionally overlooked is the experiential basis of ;1963 - 1980:[[Lacan's early paper. As one writer has observed: "To evidence concerning ]] leaves the role of [[SFP]] and founds his own [[school]], the other in childhood – ''[[École Freudienne de Paris]]'' . Following the publication of the situation known as "transitivism[[Écrits]]," for instance, where the child will impute his own actions to another – Lacan adds evidence from animal biology, where it has been experimentally shown that a perceptual relationship to another there is an explosion of the same species is necessary interest in his work in the normal maturing process. Without the visual presence of others, the maturing process is delayed, although it can be restored to a more nearly normal tempo by placing a mirror in the animal’s cageFrance and abroad.--><!--{| class="wikitable" ([[Anthony Wilden]], width="Lacan and the discourse of the Other100%" in Lacan, ''The Language of the Self: the Function of Language in Psychoanalysis'', trans. Anthony Wilden (London and Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981), pp. 159 – 160.) cellpadding="2" align="center" bgcolor=The Other"ffffff" style="background:#ffffff;width:100%; height:200px; text-align:center; line-height:2.0em;"| width="50px" style=In contrast to the dominant Anglo-American "valign:top;" | [[ego-psychologist{{Y}}|1901]]<BR>-<BR>[[{{Y}}|1938]]s of his time, Lacan considered the self as something constituted in the <BR>| align="Other[[left]]", that is, the conception of the externalstyle="padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; margin: 0. 5em 0 1em 0;" | [[Lacan argues that the psychoanalytic movement towards understanding the ego as a coherent force with dominion over a person's psyche was rooted in a misunderstanding of Freud. In Lacan's view, the self remained in eternal internal conflict ]] studies medicine and that only extensive self-deceit made the situation bearable.  His developmental theory of the objectified self was inspired by [[Ferdinand de Saussurepsychiatry]]'s insights into the relationship of the signifier and the signified - the role of language and reference in thought were central to and completes his formulations, particularly the Symbolic[[De la psychose paranoiaque dans ses rapports avec la personalité|doctoral thesis]] on [[paranoia|paranoid]] [[psychosis]]. ===The Real, the Imaginary, and the Symbolic===Lacan also formulated He presents a paper on the concepts of [[the Realmirror stage]], -- his first theoretical contribution to [[the Imaginarypsychoanalysis]], and -- at a conference of the [[the SymbolicInternational Psycho-Analytical Association]], which he used to describe the elements of the ([[psychic structureIPA]]) in Marienbad. Lacan's notion of the Real is a very difficult concept which he, in his later years, worked to present in a structured, set-theory fashion, as |-| width="50px" | [[matheme{{Y}}|1938]]s. The Imaginary, or non<BR>-linguistic aspect of the psyche, formulates human primitive <BR>[[self-knowledge{{Y}}|1953]] while the Symbolic, his term for linguistic collaboration, generates a [[community]]-wide reflection of <BR>| align="left" style="padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; margin: 0.5em 0 1em 0;" | [[primitiveLacan]] self-knowledge and creates the very first set is a member of rules that govern behavior. The Real is the unspeakable reality, always present but continually mediated through the imaginary and the symbolic. The Imaginary is the realm of spatial identification that begins with the mirror stage (see above([[IPA]] affiliated), and is instrumental in the development of psychic agency. As discussed, it is here that the emerging subject is able to ''identify'[[Société psychanalytique de Paris]]'' his or her mirror image as ([[SPP]]) until he resigns to join the 'self', as distinguished from [[Société Française de Psychanalyse]]'other'([[SFP]]). However, this process entails a certain structural alienation in that what is designated as 'self' is ''formed through'' what is Other – namely, the mirror image. What becomes the Subject proper is made through inception into the Symbolic order, which is when the infant acquires the ability to use language – that is, to realise his or her desire through speech. |-| width===Other important concepts===* "50px" | [[The Name of the Father{{Y}}|1953]]*Oedipal drama and the Oedipal signification* <BR>-<BR>[[Objet Petit a{{Y}}|1963]]<BR>* [[Signifier]]/ [[Signified]]*Desire*The Drive*| align="left" style="padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; margin: 0.5em 0 1em 0;" | [[JouissanceLacan]]*The begins his first public [[Phallus]]*Das Ding* the [[gazeseminar]](which he will continue to give annually until his death). * Thereafter, he rises to become a renowned and controversial figure in the international psychoanalytic community.|-| width="50px" | [[four discourses]{{Y}}|1963]* the [[graph of desire]]* the <BR>-<BR>[[Borromean clinic{{Y}}|1980]]<BR>* [[Anamorphism| Anamorphosis]] align="left" style=Writings and seminars==Although "padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; margin: 0.5em 0 1em 0;" | [[Lacan is a major figure in ]] leaves the history of [[psychoanalysisSFP]], he made (after his most significant contributions not in "[[expulsion]]" from the traditional form of books [[IPA]]) and journal articles, but through founds his own [[seminarschool]] lectures - in fact, he explicitly disclaimed publication in his later life. the ''[[École Freudienne de Paris]]''The Seminar ([[EFP]]). Following the publication of Jacques Lacan''the [[Écrits]] (1966), conducted over a period of more than two decades, contains the majority there is an explosion of interest in his life's work, though several of these remain unpublishedin France and abroad. Furthermore, the accuracy of the transcriptions of the seminars is disputed, with |-| width="50px" | [[Sherry Turkle{{Y}}|1980]] claiming that <BR>-<BR>[[Jacques-Alain Miller{{Y}}|1981]], <BR>| align="left" style="padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; margin: 0.5em 0 1em 0;" | [[Lacan's son]] single-in-law, made extensive changes to add clarity to handedly dissolves the [[EFP]] and creates in its stead the material (Turkle, ''Psychoanalytic Politics: Jacques Lacan and Freud's French Revolution[[École de la Cause freudienne|Cause freudienne]]'', p. 254-255).  His only major body of writing, However, [[Lacan]] soon dissolves the ''Écrits[[École de la Cause freudienne|Cause freudienne]]'', is notoriously difficult to read. and replaces it with the ''Seminar XX[[École de la Cause freudienne]]'' remarks that his ''Écrits'' were not to be understood, but would produce a meaning effect in the reader similar to some mystical texts. Part of the reason for this, it should be emphasised, are the repeated [[Hegelian]] allusions (themselves derived from [[Alexandre Kojève|Kojève]]'s lectures on Hegel, which Lacan attended) and similar unheralded theoretical divergences and not, first and foremost, Lacan's obscure prose style, as some have alleged. == Lacan and his discontents ==Although Lacan is often associated with it, he was not without his critics from within the major figures of what is broadly termed [[postmodernism]]. (Several writers, such as [[Slavoj Žižek]], have argued specifically against considering Lacan a poststructuralist theorist.) Along these lines, [[Jacques Derrida]] (though Derrida did not endorse nor associate himself with postmodernism) made a considerable critique of Lacan's analytic writings, accusing him of taking a [[structuralism|structuralist]] approach to psychoanalysis, but this is hardly surprising. In particular, Derrida criticises Lacanian theory for an inherited Freudian ''phallocentrism'', exemplified primarily in his conception of the ''phallus'' as the 'primary signifier' that determines the social order of signifiers. It could be said that much of Derrida's critique of Lacan stems from his relationship with Freud: for example, Derrida deconstructs the Freudian conception of 'penis envy', upon which female subjectivity is determined, to show that the primacy of the male phallus entails a hierarchy between phallic presence and absence that ultimately implodes upon itself.  Nonetheless, Lacan can be said to enjoy an awkward relationship with feminism and post-feminism in that, while he is much criticised for adopting (or inheriting from Freud) a phallocentric stance within his psychoanalytic theories, he is also taken by many to provide an accurate portrayal of the gender biases within society. Some critics accuse Lacan of maintaining the [[sexism|sexist]] tradition in psychoanalysis. Others, such as [[Judith Butler]] and [[Jane Gallop]] have offered readings of Lacan's work that opened up new possibilities for [[feminism|feminist]] theory, making it difficult to seriously reject Lacan wholesale due to sexism - although specific parts of his work may well subject to criticism on these grounds. In either case, traditional feminism has profited from Lacan's accounts to show that society has an inherent sexual bias that denigratingly reduces womanhood to a status of deficiency. Within the world outside the humanities and critical theory, criticism of Lacan tends to dismiss him/his work in a more or less wholesale fashion. [[François Roustang]], in ''The Lacanian Delusion'', called Lacan's output "extravagant" and an "incoherent system of pseudo-scientific gibberish". In ''[[Fashionable Nonsense]]'' (1997), [[Alan Sokal]] and [[Jean Bricmont]] accuse Lacan of abusing scientific concepts. Defenders of Lacanian theories dispute the validity of such criticism, and point out that Sokal has explicitly stated that he does not understand Lacan's texts. According to Lacanians, the dismissal by Sokal and his allies precludes any valid criticism of his theories, and is instead motivated by a desire to "police the boundaries" of what constitutes an appropriate use of scientific terminology. ==Sources==*[http://www.lacan.com/rolleyes.htm Chronology of Jacques Lacan]*[http://www.lacan.com/seminars1a.htm The Seminars of Jacques Lacan]* [http://www.lacan.com/bibliographyxx.htm Jacques Lacan's Complete French Bibliography]*[http://www.lacan.com/kantsade.htm Jacques Lacan; Kant with Sade]*[http://www.lacan.com/hotel.htm Of Structure as the Inmixing of an Otherness Prerequisite to Any Subject Whatever] Johns Hopkins University - 1966.*[http://www.lacan.com/purloined.htm The Seminar on "The Purloined Letter"]|}* [http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/chomsky-on-postmodernism.html Chomsky's remarks]>

Selected works published in English listed below. More complete listings can be found at [http://www.lacan.com/bibliographies.htm Lacan Dot Com] or [http://www.hydra.umn.edu/lacan/gaze.html Peter Krapp's page]* <blockquote>''[[The Language of the SelfJacques Lacan: The Function of Language in PsychoanalysisBibliography|Click here]]''*, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1968* ''for a more [[Écrits: A Selectioncomplete]]''*, transl. by Alan Sheridan, New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1977, and revised version, 2002, transl. by Bruce Fink.* ''[[The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis]]''* ''[[The Seminar, Book I. Freud's Papers on Technique, 1953-1954]]'',, edited by Jacques-Alain Miller, transl. by J. Forrester, W.W. Norton & Co., New York, 1988* ''[[The Seminar, Book II. The Ego in Freud's Theory and in the Technique of Psychoanalysis, 1954-1955]]'', edited by Jacques-Alain Miller, transl. by Sylvana Tomaselli, W.W. Norton & Co., New York, 1988.* ''[[The Seminar, Book III. The Psychoses]]'', edited by Jacques-Alain Miller, transl. by Russell Grigg, W.W. Norton & Co., New York, 1993.* ''[[The Seminar, Book VII. The Ethics of Psychoanalysis, 1959-1960bibliography]]'', edited by Jacques-Alain Miller, transl. by Dennis Porter, W.W. Norton & Co., New York, 1992.*''[[The Seminar XI, The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis]]'', edited by Jacques-Alain Miller, transl. by Alan Sheridan, W.W. Norton & Co., New York, 1977.*''[[The Seminar XX, Encore: On Feminine Sexuality, the Limits of Love and Knowledge]]'', edited by Jacques-Alain Miller, transl. by Bruce Fink, W.W. Norton & Co., New York, 1998.*''[[Television: A Challenge to the Psychoanalytic Establishment]]'', ed. Joan Copjec, trans. Jeffrey Mehlman, W.W. Norton & Co., New York, 1990.<nowiki>*</nowiki>referenced above Works about Lacan's Work and Theory* Benvenuto, Bice; Kennedy, Roger, ''The Works of Jacques Lacan'' (London, 1986, Free Association Books.)* Malcolm Bowie, ''Lacan'' (London: Fontana, 1991). (An introduction.)* Dor, Joel, ''The Clinical Lacan'' (New York: Other Press, 1999)* Dor, Joel, ''Introduction to the Reading of Lacan: The Unconscious Structured Like a Language'' (New York: Other Press, 2001)* Elliott, Anthony and Frosh, Stephen (eds.), ''Psychoanalysis in Contexts: Paths between Theory and Modern Culture'' (London and New York: Routledge, 1995). (A recent overview.)* Dylan Evans, ''An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis'', Routledge, 1996.* Fink, Bruce, ''The Lacanian Subject: Between Language and Jouissance'' (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).* Bruce Fink, ''Lacan to the Letter: Reading Ecrits Closely'', University of Minnesoty, 2004.* Forrester, John, ''Language and the Origins of Psychoanalysis'' (Basingstoke and London: Macmillan, 1985).* Fryer, David Ross, ''The Intervention of the Other: Ethical Subjectivity in Levinas and Lacan'' (New York: Other Press, 2004)* [[Jane Gallop]], ''The Daughter's Seduction: Feminism and Psychoanalysis''. London: Macmillan Press; and Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982.* [[Jane Gallop]], ''Reading Lacan''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985.* Gherovici, Patricia, ''The Puerto Rican Syndrome'' (New York: Other Press, 2003)* Harari, Roberto, ''Lacan's Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis: An Introduction'' (New York: Other Press, 2004)* ------, ''Lacan's Seminar on "Anxiety": An Introduction'' (New York: Other Press, 2005)* Lander, Romulo, ''Subjective Experience and the Logic of the Other'' (New York: Other Press, 2006)* Leupin, Alexandre, ''Lacan Today'' (New York: Other Press, 2004)* Mathelin, Catherine, ''Lacanian Psychotherpay with Children: The Broken Piano'' (New York: Other Press, 1999)* McGowan, Todd and Kunkle, Sheila, Eds., ''Lacan and Contemporary Film'' (New York: Other Press, 2004)* Moustafa, Safouan, ''Four Lessons of Psychoanalysis'' (New York: Other Press, 2004)* Rabaté, Jean-Michel (ed.), ''The Cambridge Companion to Lacan'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).* Sherry Turkle, ''Psychoanalytic Politics: Jacques Lacan and Freud's French Revolution'', 2nd edition, Guildford Press, New York, 1992* ————— and Wollheim, Richard, ‘Lacan: an exchange’, ''New York Review of Books'', 26 (9), 1979, p. 44.* Soler, Colette, ''What Lacan Said About Women'' (New York: Other Press, 2006)* Van Haute, Philippe, ''Against Adaptation: Lacan's "Subversion" of the Subject'' (New York: Other Press, 2002)* ----- and Geyskens, Tomas, ''Confusion of Tongues: The Primacy of Sexuality in Freud, Ferenczi, and Laplanche'' (New York: Other Press, 2004)* [[Anthony WildenBibliography|Wilden, Anthonywork]], ‘Jacques Lacan: A partial bibliography’, ''Yale French Studies'', 36/37, 1966, pp. 263 – 268.* [[Slavoj Žižek]], ‘The object as a limit of discourse: approaches to the Lacanian real’, ''Prose Studies'', 11 (3), 1988, pp. 94 – 120.* —————, ''Interrogating the Real'', ed. Rex Butler and Scott Stephens (London and New York: Continuum, 2005). ==External links=====Introductions===*[http:<//www.lacan.com/bibliography.htm Jacques Lacan in English]*[http://www.lacan.com/perfume/frame.htm Links of Jacques Lacan]*[http://www.iep.utm.edu/l/lacweb.htm Jacques Lacan at The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]blockquote>

===Practice===*[http://www.cfar.org.uk/ The Centre for Freudian Analysis and Research. London-based Lacanian psychoanalytic training agency.Site includes online library of clinical & [Lacan]]'s most important theoretical textscontributions to [[psychoanalysis]*] were presented in his [http://www[seminar]]s.lacan.org/ Homepage In 1966, a selection of [[Lacan]]'s most important papers are published under the Lacanian School title ''[[Écrits]]''; in 2006 a complete edition of Psychoanalysis and the San Francisco Society for Lacanian Studiesthese works was published in [[English]]*[http://www.londonsociety-nls.org.uk/ The London Society of the New Lacanian School. Site includes online library of clinical & theoretical texts]

==References=Theory===*[http://www.lacan.com/lacan1.htm Lacan Dot Com]*[http://www.hydra.umn.edu/lacan/index.html Lacan Online]*[http://www.ubu.com/sound/lacan.html UBUweb] - radio features and interviews w<references/ Lacan on ubu.com>

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