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The [[idea]] of overdetermination refers to the organization of multiple determinants combining to define a [[psychic]] [[formation]]. The [[notion]] may be represented metaphorically as multiple nodes anchoring a web whose linking strands are lines of associated [[thoughts]]. The [[content]] of psychic [[formations]] [[understood]] in this way is determined by the points of intersection of the lines of [[association]], along which psychic [[energy]] flows as part of a [[process]] of [[displacement]].
[[Another]] [[Freudian]] conceptualization of overdetermination, lateral and etiopathogenic, views psychic formations as the outcome of a cumulation of causes whose combination is the necessary condition of their coming into [[being]].
[[Freud]] introduced the [[concept]] of overdetermination very early on: it is sketched out in the Studies on [[Hysteria]] (1895d), though more in the etiopathogenic [[sense]] of a [[constitution]] of the [[subject]] rendering him vulnerable to a [[traumatic]] accumulation of factors than in the sense of chains of association. The latter sense emerged more clearly, indeed in its definitive [[form]], in The [[Interpretation]] of [[Dreams]] (1900a), where the elements of the [[dream]]-content, viewed as nodes, are described as over-determined in that they are represented many [[times]] over in the dream-thoughts, which crystallize at these points. Overdetermination thus came to be seen as the basis of dream-formation, and Freud focused the [[remainder]] of his study on the mechanisms that facilitated it. Thus in analyzing the dream of "[[Irma]]'s injection," he isolated the [[mechanism]] of condensation, and in [[particular]] developed the idea of "collective [[figures]]." And since overdetermination suggested a procedure for selecting the components of the dream-content, he proposed the notion of the displacement of [[psychical]] intensity along associative chains and ramifications. Displacement and condensation, he argued, were the foundation of dream-formation.
Overdetermination was seen by Freud as affecting the [[symptom]] as well as the dream; in the wake of Jacques [[Lacan]] it is applied more broadly to all formations of the [[unconscious]]. It should not be taken, however, as a [[principle]] of very wide extension, but simply as the basis of that fluctuation of [[associations]] which makes different [[interpretations]] of the same psychic formation possible.
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'''Overdetermination''', the idea that a single observed effect is determined by multiple causes at once (any one of which alone might be enough to account for the effect), was originally a key concept of [[Sigmund Freud]]'s [[psychoanalysis]].
==For Freud and Psychoanalysis==
Freud wrote in ''[[The Interpretation of Dreams]]'' that many features of dreams were usually "overdetermined," in that they were caused by multiple factors in the [[life ]] of the dreamer, from the "residue of the day" (superficial [[memories ]] of [[recent ]] life) to deeply [[repressed ]] traumas and unconscious wishes, these being "potent thoughts". Freud favored interpretations which accounted for such features not only once, but many times, in the context of various levels and [[complexes ]] of the dreamer's [[psyche]]. The concept was later borrowed for a variety of other realms of thought.
The concept was later borrowed for a variety of [[other]] realms of [[thought]].
==defSee Also==* [[Condensation]]* [[Gaze]]* [[Overinterpretation]]* [[Paranoia]]* [[The Psychopathology of Everyday Life]]* [[Rite]] or [[ritual]]* [[Science and psychoanalysis]]* [[Strata/stratification]]* [[Studies on Hysteria]]* [[Sum of excitation]]* [[Symbolic]]* [[Symbolism]]
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