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[[Sociology ]] is the methodological study of [[social ]] facts, [[processes]], and actions. Depending on the [[author]], it is a general nomothetic [[science ]] of [[society ]] (Émile Durkheim), a science of the social forms resulting from the interaction among individuals (Georg Simmel), a [[discipline ]] that strives to comprehend social [[activity ]] ([[Max Weber]]), or "the [[living ]] aspect, "the living aspect, the fleeting [[moment ]] when society, or men, become sentimentally aware of themselves and of their relation to [[others]]" ([[Mauss ]] M., 1923/1990, 80). [[Psychoanalysis ]] is a method of investigating the [[individual ]] [[psychic ]] [[apparatus ]] and a psychotherapeutic method that uses the [[transference ]] that occurs during [[treatment ]] as a powerful means of healing. Sociopsychoanalysis (a term not yet fully accepted) is a discipline that aims to articulate the [[relationship ]] between the psychic and the social. In this respect, sociopsychoanalysis continues in the [[tradition ]] of [[Freud]]'s sociological and anthropological efforts.The term "sociology" was created by [[Auguste Comte]], who used it in volume 4 of his <i>Cours de [[philosophie ]] positive</i> (1847). It replaced the term "social [[physiology]]," put forward by Henri de Saint-Simon (1813). Yet it did not take on its modern [[meaning ]] until Durkheim's <i>Rules of Sociological Method</i> (1895). The [[French ]] [[terms ]] "sociopsychanalyse," "socioanalyse, " and

"sociothérapie" were used by different French authors after [[World ]] War II (André Amar, Guy Palmade, Max Pagès, Jacques and Maria Van Bockstaele, Gérand Mendel, among others). It seems that the Englishman Eliott Jaques was the first to use the [[English ]] term "socio-[[analysis]]," in 1947, in his [[work ]] of rehabilitating soldiers back from the war.The [[desire ]] to establish a link between psychoanalysis and sociology appears very early on in Freud's work. The articles "Obsessive Actions and [[Religious ]] Practices" (1907b) and " '[[Civilized]]' [[Sexual ]] [[Morality ]] and Modern Nervous [[Illness]]" (1908d) are evidence of this. In 1913 in "The Claims of Psychoanalysis to [[Scientific ]] Interest," Freud stressed the contributions that psychoanalysis could make to all the previously constituted [[psychological ]] and social [[sciences]], the [[unconscious ]] often playing a [[role ]] of primordial importance in all sorts of [[human ]] [[behavior]]. In his later works, from <i>[[Totem ]] and Taboo</i> (1912-1913a) to <i>[[Moses ]] and [[Monotheism]]</i> (1939a), Freud [[analyzed ]] the events that presided over the foundation and modification of social [[links]], the advent of [[civilization]], and the rise of its current discontents.Many authors have followed in the path opened up by Freud in an effort to [[understand ]] the evolution of civilization. Wilhelm [[Reich]], the founder of "Freudo-[[Marxism]]," analyzed the role of the [[family ]] in the creation of authoritarian behaviors and the role of [[capitalist]]-patriarchal society in suppressing the [[instincts]]. Herbert [[Marcuse ]] stressed the excessive [[suppression ]] engendered by the capitalist [[system ]] and the capacity of the most [[alienated ]] classes to fight against the modern [[state ]] and its tendency to make the individual into a "one-dimensional man." By studying various types of societies and analyzing many different [[myths ]] and legends, the anthropologist and [[psychoanalyst ]] Géza Róheim succeeded in demonstrating that Freud's fundamental hypotheses (the [[primitive ]] [[horde]], [[murder ]] of the [[father]], the [[Oedipus ]] [[complex]]) are pertinent to all cultures, regardless of how different they might be.[[Other ]] researchers have taken a greater interest in the relations between psychoanalysis and [[politics ]] and the phenomenon of [[power ]] in modern societies. Theodor W. [[Adorno ]] attempted to define the authoritarian [[personality]], the source of all fascisms. Norman Brown tried to demonstrate the role of the [[life ]] and [[death ]] instincts in social functioning. Serge Moscovici studied crowds and the role of the [[leader]], thus paying homage to the pioneering [[character ]] of Freud's <i>Totem and Taboo</i> (1912-1913a) and <i>Group [[Psychology ]] and the Analysis of the Ego</i> (1921c). Eugène Enriquez found in Freud's work the elements necessary for his [[theory ]] of the social link, and Cornelius Castoriadis used this theory to define the primary role of the [[imaginary ]] in the institution of society. Pierre Legendre highlighted underdogs' [[love ]] for superiors, and Pierre Ansart focused on how [[political ]] passions are managed.Moreover, psychoanalysis has contributed to the creation of an original [[school ]] of psychology and [[clinical ]] sociology by analyzing the unconscious processes at work in groups, organizations, and institutions. First British authors (Wilfred R. Bion, Eliott Jaques), then French authors (Max Pagès, Gérard Mendel, Didier Anzieu, René Kaës, Jean-Claude Rouchy, André Lévy, and Eugène Enriquez), contributed new elements on the [[fantasies]], projections, and identifications constantly at play in these groups, as well as on the organizational imaginary and on the processes of [[repression]], suppression, and [[idealization ]] at work in organizations. In South America, a school was formed to conduct a "social [[clinic]]."Undergoing [[particular ]] [[development ]] since 1990 have been "[[psycho]]-sociology," the science of groups, organizations, and institutions (Kurt Lewin and the French authors mentioned above), and clinical sociology (Louis Wirth), particularly in Quebec and in [[France]]. In fact, clinical sociology was recognized as a branch of sociology by the International Sociological [[Association ]] in 1993. It seeks to create a sociology that is close to lived [[experience ]] and that makes the [[subject ]] and the subject's [[splitting ]] and contradictions central elements in social [[construction]].Efforts to link sociology and psychoanalysis have yielded varied results. While some authors have defined original approaches, enriched [[analytic ]] theory, and furthered the comprehension of social phenomena, others in France, intoxicated by the success of analysis, have indiscriminately applied [[psychoanalytic ]] [[concepts ]] to social [[reality ]] and have succeeded only in bastardizing psychoanalysis (making it a management tool) and disfiguring [[social processes]].

# [[Freud, Sigmund]]. (1907b). Obsessive actions and religious practices. SE, 9: 115-127.

# ——. (1921c). [[Group psychology ]] and the analysis of the ego. SE, 18: 65-143.

# ——. (1939a [1934-1938]). Moses and monotheism: [[three ]] essays. SE, 23: 1-137.# Kaës, René. (1993). Le groupe et le [[sujet ]] du groupe. [[Paris]]: Dunod.

# Mauss, Marcel. (1990). The [[gift]]: The [[form ]] and [[reason ]] for [[exchange ]] in archaic societies (W. D. Halls, Trans.) New York: W.W. Norton. (Original work published 1923)