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{{Toppp}}psychose]]|-|| [[psychosisGerman]] (: ''[[psychose]]) Psychose{{Bottom}}
==Jacques Lacan=====History===[[Lacan]] discussed [[psychosis]] throughout his [[Jacques Lacan:Bibliography|work]]. His interest in [[psychosis]] predates his interest in [[psychoanalysis]]. [[Jacques Lacan]] studied [[psychosis]] for his doctoral research about a [[woman]] he calls "[[Aimee]]."<ref>{{1932}}</ref> Indeed it was his doctoral research, which concerned a [[psychotic]] [[woman]] whom [[Lacan]] calls [[Aimée]] that first led [[Lacan]] to [[psychoanalytic theory]].<ref>{{1932}}</ref> It has often been remarked that is common to compare [[Lacan]]'s debt tortured and at [[times]] almost incomprehensible style of [[writing]] and speaking to this the discourse of [[psychotic]] [[patient]] is reminiscent s. [[Lacan]]'s discussions of [[psychosis]] are among the most significant and original aspects of his [[Freudwork]]. [[Lacan]]'s debt to most detailed [[discussion]] of [[psychosis]] appears in his first [[neuroticseminar]] of 1955-6, entitled simply ''[[Seminar III|The Psychoses]] ''. It is here that he expounds what come to be the main tenets of the [[patientLacan]]s (who were also ian approach to [[femalemadness]]).
===Clinical Structure===[[Psychosis]] is defined as one of the three [[clinical structure]]s, one of which is defined by the operation of [[foreclosure]]. In other wordsthis operation, the [[Name-of-the-Father]] is not integrated in the [[symbolic order|symbolic universe]] of the [[psychotic]] (it is "[[foreclosed]]"), whereas with the result that a [[Freudhole]]'s first approach is [[left]] in the [[symbolic order]]. To [[speak]] of a [[lack|hole]] in the [[symbolic order]] is not to say that the [[psychotic]] does not have an [[unconscious]] ; on the contrary, in [[psychosis]] "the unconscious is by way [[present]] but not functioning."<ref>{{S3}} p. 208</ref> The [[psychotic]] [[structure]] thus results from a certain malfunction of the [[neurosisOedipus complex]], a [[Lacanlack]] in the [[paternal function]]; more specifically, in [[psychosis]] the [[paternal function]] is reduced to the [[image]] of the [[father]] (the [[symbolic]]'s first approach is via reduced to the [[psychosisimaginary]]).
In studying [[psychosis]] Lacan stated, following [[Freud]], that "the problem lies not in the reality that is lost, but in that which takes its place."Whatever one <ref>{{E}} p. 188-9</ref> Lacan emphasized the 'rent' or [[gap]] that appears in the relation of the psychotic subject to the world, and the nature of the 'patch' which the psychotic subject applies over this gap.<!-- ====Psychotic Phenomena==== --><!-- In [[Lacan]]ian [[psychoanalysis]] it is important to distinguish between [[psychosis]], which is a [[clinical structure]], and [[psychotic]] phenomena such as [[delusions]] and [[hallucinations]]. Two [[conditions]] are stabilized in required for psychotic phenomena to emerge: the [[delusionsubject]] must have a [[psychotic]]al [[metaphorstructure]], and the [[Name-of-the-Father]] must be "called into symbolic opposition to the subject."<ref>{{E}} p.217</ref> In the [[absence]] of the first condition, no confrontation with the paternal signifier will ever lead to psychotic phenomena; a [[neurotic]] can never "become psychotic."<ref>{{S3}} p. 15</ref> In the [[absence]] of the second condition, the [[psychotic]] [[structure]] will remain [[latent]]. It is thus conceivable that a [[subject]] may have a [[psychotic]] [[structure]] and yet never develop [[delusions]] or [[experience]] [[hallucination]]s. When both conditions are fulfilled, the [[psychosis]] is "triggered off," the latent [[psychosis]] becomes [[manifest]] in [[hallucination]]s and/or [[delusions]]. --><!-- ==[[Borromean Knot]]== --><!-- In the 1970s [[Lacan]] reformulates his approach to [[psychosis]] around the [[notion]] of the [[borromean knot]]. The three rings in the [[knot]] [[represent]] the three [[orders]]: the [[real]], the [[symbolic]] and the [[imaginary]]. While in [[neurosis]] these three rings are linked together in a particular way, in [[psychosis]] they become disentangled. This [[psychotic]] disassociation may sometimes however be avoided by a [[sinthome|symptomaatic formation]] which [[acts]] as a fourth ring holding the [[other]] three together. -->
<!-- Not only is the classical method of [[psychoanalytic treatment]] inappropriate for [[psychotic]] [[subject]]s, but it is even contraindicated. For example [[Lacan]] points out that the technique of [[psychoanalysis]], which involves the use of the couch and [[free association]], can easily trigger off a latent [[psychosis]].<ref>{{S3}} p. 15</ref> This is the [[reason]] why [[Lacan]]ian [[analyst]]s usually follow [[Freud]]'s recommendation to begin the [[treatment]] of a new [[patient]] with a series of face-to-face interviews.<ref>{{F}} p.1913c. [[SE]] XII. 123-4</ref> Only when the [[analyst]] is reasonably sure that the [[patient]] is not [[psychotic]] will the [[patient]] be asked to lie down on the couch and [[free association|free associate]]. -->This does not mean that Lacanian [[analysts]] do not work with [[psychotic]] [[patient]]s. On the contrary, much work has been done by [[Lacanian]] [[analyst]]s in the [[treatment]] of [[psychosis]]. However, the method of [[treatment]] differs substantially from that used with [[neurotic]] and [[perverse]] [[patient]]s. [[Lacan]] himself works with [[psychotic]] [[patient]]s but left very few comments on the technique he employed; rather than setting out a technical procedure for [[working]] with [[psychosis]], he limited himself to discussing the questions preliminary to any such work.<ref>{{L}} p. 1957-8b</ref><!-- [[Lacan]] rejects the approach of those who [[limit]] their analysis of [[psychosis]] to the [[imaginary order]]; "If [[nothing]] is to be expected from the way psychosis is explored at the level of the neurotic inhabits language[[imaginary]], since [[the imaginary]] [[mechanism]] is what gives psychotic [[alienation]] its [[form]], but not its dynamics."<ref>{{S3}} p. 146</ref> It is only by focusing on the [[symbolic order]] that [[Lacan]] is inhabitedable to point to the fundamental determining element of [[psychosis]], possessednamely, the hole in the [[symbolic]] [[order]] caused by [[foreclosure]] and the consequent "imprisonment" of the psychotic subject in the imaginary. It is also this emphasis on the [[symbolic order]] which leads [[Lacan]] to [[value]] above all the [[linguistic]] phenomena in [[psychosis]]: "the importance given to languagephenomena in psychosis is for us the msot fruitful lesson of all."<ref>{{S3}} p.250144</ref> -->
<!-- ====Language Disorders==== --><!-- The [[Lacanlanguage]] follows phenomena most notable in [[Freudpsychosis]] in maintaining a structural distinction between are ''disorders'' of [[paranoialanguage]] , and [[schizophreniaLacan]]. Defined in clincal argues that the [[psychiatrypresence]] as of such disorders is a necessary condition for a serious mental illness affecting the whole diagnosis of the personality. Unlike a patient suffering from [[neurosispsychosis]], the [[psychotic]] cannot be treated on a consensual basis and may therefore have to be committed to a psychiatric institution. The word ''Psychose'' has been current since the 1840s, but was originally used to refer to any form of mental illness.<ref>Laplanche and Pontalis 1967{{S3}} p. 92</ref> The distinction between psychosis and neurosis was introduced and gradually refined in Among the course of the nineteenth century, and is basic to psychoanalysis. In psychoanalysis, 'psychosis' is used to describe conditions such as hallucinatory confusion, paranoia and schizophrenia. Freud's theory of psychoanalysis was developed primarily with reference to neurosis. psychotic language disorders which Lacan, in contrast, began his career by working with psychotics in psychiatric hospitals before he became a psychoanalyst (1932) and therefore elaborates a more specific theory of the origins of psychosis. Contrasting neurosis snad psychosis, Freud argues that, whilst both conditions originate in a conflict between the ego and other agencies of the psyche, psychosis results from a disturbance in the ego's relationship with the external world, neurosis from a conflict between the ego and the id. In psychosis the ego withdraws from some part or aspect of the rela world, either fialing draws attention to perceive it or being unaffected by its perceptiuon of it.. Lacan draws on Freud's comment are holophrases and remarks on the case of Daniel Paul Schrebe, an appeal court judge who wrote an autobiographicla account of his paranoid delusions, to elaborate the thesis that psychosis is trigged by the specific mechanism extensive use of neologisms (which may be completely new [[foreclosurewords]]coined by the psychotic, or already existing words which the psychotic redefines).<ref>Lacan 1957-8, 1981{{Ec}} p. 167</ref> A key signifier or In [[{{Y}}|1956]], [[Lacan]] attributes these [[language]] disorders to the name of the father is expelled or foreclosed fromt he subject[[psychotic]]'s symbolic world and a hole or rent is left in its ploace. The foreclosed signifier is not integrated into the unconscious thanks to an act of repression,a nd therefore cannot return on the form of a neurotic signifier. It returns, rather, in the real, usually in the form of persecutory hallucinations and delusions. A mental condition whereby the patient completely loses touch with reality. ==Psychosis versus Neurosis==The term '[[psychosislack]]' denotes an severe form of a sufficient [[pathology|mental illnessnumber]], while of ''[[neurosispoints de capiton]]' denotes less severe forms'.--> <!-- The lack of sufficient ''[[Sigmund Freudpoints de capiton]] elaborated '' means that the psychotic experience is characterized by a distinction between constant [[psychosisslippage]] and of the [[neurosissignified]].<ref>Freudunder the signifier, 1924b and 1924e</ref> <blockquote>"which is a disaster for [[Insignification]] neurosis ; there is a continual "cascade of reshapings of the ego suppresses part signifier fromw hich the increasing disaster of the id out of allegiance to realityimaginary proceeds, whereas until the level is reached at which signifier and signified are stablized in psychosis it lets itself be carried away by the id and detached from a part of realitydelusional [[metaphor]]."<ref>5{{E}} p.202217</ref></blockquote> ==Psychosis and Lacan==[[Jacques LacanAnother]] studied way of describing this is as "a [[psychosisrelationship]] for his doctoral research about a between the subject and the signifier in its most [[womanformal]] he calls "[[Aimeedimension]], in its dimension as a pure signifier."<ref>Lacan, 1932{{S3}} p. 250</ref> It is common to compare Lacan's style This relationship of writing and speaking the subject to the discourse signifier in its purely formal aspect constitutes "the nucleus of psychosis."<ref>{{S3}} p.250</ref> "If the neurotic inhabits language, the psychotic patients. [[Psychosis]] has many different forms: [[paranoia]]is inhabited, [[schizophrenia]]possessed, and [[manic-depression]]by language."<ref>{{S3, 3-4}} p. 250</ref> -->
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