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{{TopToppp}}psychose]]|-|| [[German]]: ''[[Psychose{{Bottom}}
[[Psychosis]] is a nosological [[category]] distinct from [[neurosis]] and [[perversion]]. It is brought [[about]] by the [[foreclosure]] of a primordial [[signifier]], the [[Name-of-the-Father]].
# A [[particular]] relation to reality# A special relation of the subject to his [[speech]];# A particular structure of the subject-->=====Neurosis===Sigmund Freud==It is [[Freudtrue]] developed a distinction between "'''that Freud had found that the [[neurosisdiscourse]]'''" of the psychotic and the apparently bizarre and meaningless phenomena of psychosis could be deciphered and "[[psychosisunderstood]]" which is basic to , just as [[psychoanalysisdreams]], according to which "can. Freud's [[psychosisanalysis]]" denotes a ''serious'' type of '''mental illness''' and "'''the psychotic [[neurosisSchreber]]'''" a ''less serious'' type s memoirs thus broke with contemporary approaches to psychosis, which regarded psychotics as beyond the limits of '''mental illness'''[[understanding]] (Freud, 1951).
Freud claims that in both neurosis and psychosis there is a [[Neurosiswithdrawal]]of investment, on or [[object]]-[[cathexis]], from [[objects]] in the other hand[[world]]. In the [[case]] of neurosis the object-cathexis is retained, denotes but is invested in fantasized objects in the neurotic's [[internal]] world. In the case of psychosis the withdrawn cathexis is invested in the ego at the expense of all object-[[cathexes]], even in [[fantasy]]. This turning of [[libido]] upon the ego accounts for [[symptoms]] such as [[hypochondria]] and megalomania. The delusional [[system]], the most striking feature of psychosis, arises in a second [[stage]]. Freud characterizes the [[construction]] of a ''less serious'' type delusional system as an attempt at recovery in which the psychotic re-establishes a new, often very intense, relation with the people and things in the world by way of '''mental illness'''a delusional [[formation]].
==Jacques Lacan===Ego==History===[[FreudLacan]] discussed [[psychosis]] throughout his [[Jacques Lacan:Bibliography|work]]. His interest in [[psychosis]] predates his interest in [[psychoanalysis]]. [[Jacques Lacan]] studied [[psychosis]] for his doctoral research about a [[woman]] he calls "[[Aimee]]."<ref>{{1932}}</ref> Indeed it was his doctoral research, which concerned a [[psychotic]] [[woman]] whom [[Lacan]] calls [[Aimée]] argues that both first led [[Lacan]] to [[psychoanalytic theory]].<ref>{{1932}}</ref> It is common to compare [[Lacan]]'s tortured and at [[times]] almost incomprehensible style of [[writing]] and speaking to the discourse of [[psychotic]] [[patient]]s. [[Lacan]]'s discussions of [[psychosis]] are among the most significant and original aspects of his [[work]]. [[Lacan]]'s most detailed [[neurosisdiscussion]]''' and of [[psychosis]] originate appears in a conflict between the his [[seminar]] of 1955-6, entitled simply ''[[egoSeminar III|The Psychoses]] and other agencies ''. It is here that he expounds what come to be the main tenets of the [[psycheLacan]]ian approach to [[madness]].
===Clinical Structure===[[Psychosis]] is defined as one of the three [[clinical structure]]s, one of which is defined by the operation of [[foreclosure]]. In this operation, the [[Name-of-the-Father]] is not integrated in the [[symbolic order|symbolic universe]] of the [[psychotic]] (it is "[[Psychosisforeclosed]]" arises from ), with the result that a disturbance [[hole]] is [[left]] in the [[egosymbolic order]]. To [[speak]] of a [[lack|hole]]in the [[symbolic order]'s relationship with ] is not to say that the [[moebius strip|external worldpsychotic]] does not have an [[unconscious]]; on the contrary, in [[psychosis]] "the unconscious is [[present]] but not functioning."<ref>{{S3}} p. 208</ref> The [[psychotic]] [[neurosisstructure]] thus results from a conflict between certain malfunction of the [[Oedipus complex]], a [[lack]] in the [[paternal function]]; more specifically, in [[psychosis]] the [[paternal function]] is reduced to the [[image]] of the [[father]] (the [[egosymbolic]] and is reduced to the [[idimaginary]]).
===Schreber===In his [[seminar]] on [[psychosis]] ([[{{Y}}|1955-6]]) [[Lacan]] tackled [[Freud]] devoted relatively little attention to 's case [[history]] of [[psychosisJudge Schreber]], mainly because a [[paranoid]] [[schizophrenic]] who wrote a fascinating account of his theory illnesss entitled ''Memoirs of My Nervous [[psychoanalysisIllness]] was developed primarily with reference '' (1903). Lacan's essay "On a question preliminary to any possible treatment of psychosis (1957-8)' enlarged on the [[ideas]] of this [[neurosisseminar]].
===Treatment==Jacques =[[Freud]] was skeptical about the possibility of practising [[psychoanalysis]] with [[psychotic]] [[patients]]. [[Lacan=====]] follows [[Freud]] in arguing that while [[psychosis]] is of great interest for [[psychoanalytic theory]], it is [[outside]] the field of the classical method of [[psychoanalytic treatment]], which is only appropriate for [[neurosis]]; "to use the [[technique]] that [[Freud]] established outside the experience to which it was applied (i.e. neurosis) is as stupid as to toil at the oars when the ship is on the sand."<ref>{{E}} p. 221</ref>
<!-- Not only is the classical method of [[psychoanalytic treatment]] inappropriate for [[psychotic]] [[subject]]s, but it is even contraindicated. For example [[Lacan]] points out that the technique of [[psychoanalysis]], in contrastwhich involves the use of the couch and [[free association]], began his career by working can easily trigger off a latent [[psychosis]].<ref>{{S3}} p. 15</ref> This is the [[reason]] why [[Lacan]]ian [[analyst]]s usually follow [[Freud]]'s recommendation to begin the [[treatment]] of a new [[patient]] with a series of face-to-face interviews.<ref>{{F}} p.1913c. [[psychosisSE]] XII. 123-4</ref> Only when the [[analyst]] is reasonably sure that the [[patient]] is not [[psychotic]] will the [[patient]] be asked to lie down on the couch and [[free association|psychoticsfree associate]]. -->This does not mean that Lacanian [[analysts]] do not work with [[psychotic]] [[patient]] s. On the contrary, much work has been done by [[Lacanian]] [[analyst]]s in the [[treatment]] of [[Sainte-Anne_hospital|psychiatric hospitalspsychosis]]. However, the method of [[treatment]] differs substantially from that used with [[neurotic]] and [[perverse]] [[patient]]s. [[Lacan]] himself works with [[psychotic]] [[patient]] before s but left very few comments on the technique he became employed; rather than setting out a technical procedure for [[working]] with [[psychosis]], he limited himself to discussing the questions preliminary to any such work.<ref>{{L}} p. 1957-8b</ref><!-- [[Lacan]] rejects the approach of those who [[limit]] their analysis of [[psychosis]] to the [[imaginary order]]; "[[nothing]] is to be expected from the way psychosis is explored at the level of the [[imaginary]], since [[the imaginary]] [[mechanism]] is what gives psychotic [[alienation]] its [[psychoanalysis|psychoanalystform]], but not its dynamics."<ref>{{S3}} p. 146</ref> It is only by focusing on the [[symbolic order]] that [[Lacan]] is able to point to the fundamental determining element of [[psychosis]]''', namely, the hole in the [[symbolic]] [[order]] caused by [[foreclosure]] and elaborates a more specific theory the consequent "imprisonment" of the origins of psychotic subject in the imaginary. It is also this emphasis on the [[symbolic order]] which leads [[Lacan]] to [[value]] above all the [[linguistic]] phenomena in [[psychosis]]: "the importance given to language phenomena in psychosis is for us the msot fruitful lesson of all."<ref>{{S3}} p. 144</ref> -->
===The Relation of the Subject to his Speech===
Lacan asserted that the failure to take account of the relation of the subject to his speech had resulted in a failure to [[understand]] psychotic phenomena.
<!-- ====Language Disorders==== -->
<!-- The [[language]] phenomena most notable in [[psychosis]] are ''disorders'' of [[language]], and [[Lacan]] argues that the [[presence]] of such disorders is a necessary condition for a diagnosis of [[psychosis]].<ref>{{S3}} p. 92</ref> Among the psychotic language disorders which Lacan draws attention to are holophrases and the extensive use of neologisms (which may be completely new [[words]] coined by the psychotic, or already existing words which the psychotic redefines).<ref>{{Ec}} p. 167</ref> In [[{{Y}}|1956]], [[Lacan]] attributes these [[language]] disorders to the [[psychotic]]'s [[lack]] of a sufficient [[number]] of ''[[points de capiton]]''. -->
<!-- The lack of sufficient ''[[points de capiton]]'' means that the psychotic experience is characterized by a constant [[slippage]] of the [[signified]] under the signifier, which is a disaster for [[signification]]; there is a continual "cascade of reshapings of the signifier fromw hich the increasing disaster of the imaginary proceeds, until the level is reached at which signifier and signified are stablized in the delusional [[metaphor]]."<ref>{{E}} p. 217</ref> [[Another]] way of describing this is as "a [[relationship]] between the subject and the signifier in its most [[formal]] [[dimension]], in its dimension as a pure signifier."<ref>{{S3}} p. 250</ref> This relationship of the subject to the signifier in its purely formal aspect constitutes "the nucleus of psychosis."<ref>{{S3}} p.250</ref> "If the neurotic inhabits language, the psychotic is inhabited, possessed, by language."<ref>{{S3}} p. 250</ref> -->
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