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==Jacques Lacan==
===Excommunication===
After resigning from the [[IPA]]-affiliated [[Société Psychanalytique de Paris]] ([[SPP]]) in 1953, to join the newly founded [[Société Française de Psychanalyse]] ([[SFP]]), [[Lacan]] was informed by [[letter]] that this also meant that he was no longer a member of the [[IPA]].
In [[{{Y}}|1963]] [[Lacan]] was expelled from the [[IPA]]. Eventually, in 1963, the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association|IPA]] agreed to grant membership to the [[SFP]] on condition that [[Lacan]] be stripped of his status as a [[training|training analyst]]. Many of the leading [[analysts]] in the [[SFP]] agreed, but to many [[others]] (including [[Lacan]]) this was unacceptable. [[Lacan]] resigned from the [[SFP]] and, followed by a [[number]] of [[other]] analysts and [[trainees]], founded his own [[school]] in 1964. From this point on, [[Lacan]] became much more vocal in his criticism of the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association|IPA]], accusing it of [[being]] a kind of [[religion|church]] and comparing his own fate to [[Spinoza]]'s "[[International Psycho-Analytical Association|excommunication]]" from the synagogue.<ref>{{S11}} p. 3-4</ref>
===Lacan's Criticism===
[[Lacan]] criticized both the [[structure|institutional structure]] and the dominant [[theoretical]] tendencies of the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association|IPA]].
====Institutional Level====
As regards the [[structure|institutional structure]], he accused its bureaucratic procedures of producing [[nothing]] but mediocrities, and mocked its stuffy hierarchies.<ref>{{Ec}} p. 474-86</ref>
=====Structure=====
[[Lacan]] argued that [[Freud]] had organised the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association|IPA]] in such a way because this was the only way of assuring that his theories, misunderstood by all his first followers, would remain intact for someone else ([[Lacan]]) to disinter and resuscitate later on. The [[International Psycho-Analytical Association|IPA]], in other [[words]], was like a tomb whose only function was to preserve [[Freud]]'s [[doctrine]] despite the [[ignorance]] of the members of the [[association]], the implication being that once [[Lacan]] had breathed new [[life]] into the doctrine, the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association|IPA]] no longer had any valid function at all.<ref>{{L}} "[[Situation de la psychanalyse et formation du psychanalyste en 1956]]." 1956a. ''[[Écrits]]''. [[Paris]]: Seuil, 1966: 459-91.</ref>
=====Training=====
Even more important than this were [[Lacan]]'s criticisms of the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association|IPA]] [[training|training programme]], which he accused of ignoring [[Freud]]'s emphasis on the [[need]] for instruction in [[literary]] and [[cultural]] studies,<ref>{{Ec}} p. 473</ref>, and for reducing the [[training|training analysis]] to a mere [[ritual]].
=====School=====
The [[school|specific organisational structures]] on which [[Lacan]] organized his own [[school]], such as the [[cartel]] and the [[pass]], were aimed at ensuring that this [[school]] did not [[repeat]] these errors of the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association|IPA]].
====Theoretical Level====
On a theoretical level, [[Lacan]] levelled various criticisms at all the main theoretical tendencies in the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association|IPA]], including [[Kleinian psychoanalysis]] and [[[object]]-relations [[theory]]]], but his most sustained and profound criticisms were reserved for the [[school]] of [[ego-psychology]] which had achieved a dominant [[position]] in the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association|IPA]] by the 1950s.
=====SAMCDA=====
He accused the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association|IPA]] of having betrayed [[Freud]]'s most fundamental insights, renaming it the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association|SAMCDA]] (''société d'assistance mutuelle contre le [[discours]] [[analytique]]'', or [[society]] for mutual assistance against [[analytic]] [[discourse]]<ref>{{L}} ''[[Télévision]]''. Paris: Seuil, 1973 [''[[Television: A Challenge to the Psychoanalytic Establishment]]''. Ed. [[Joan Copjec]]. New York: Norton, 1990]. p. 27</ref>), and attributed this [[betrayal]] largely to the fact that the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association|IPA]] was dominated by the USA.
=====Return to Freud=====
[[Lacan]] regarded his own teaching as a [[return]] to the insights that the [[IPA]] had betrayed .
==See Also==
{{See}}
* [[Pass]]
* [[Ego-psychology]]
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* [[Factor C]]
* [[Kleinian psychoanalysis]]
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* [[Object-relations theory]]
* [[Pass]]
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* [[Psychoanalysis]]
* [[Return to Freud]]
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* [[School]]
* [[Training]]
{{Also}}
==References==
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