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=Jacques Lacan=
==Human Beings and Animals==
A constant theme running throughout [[Lacan]]'s [[work]] is the [[distinction]] he draws between [[human]] [[being]]s and [[other]] [[animal]]s, or, as [[Lacan]] puts it, between "[[nature|human society]]" and "[[nature|animal society]]."<ref>{{S1}} p. 223</ref>
The basis of this distinction is [[language]]; [[human]]s have [[language]], whereas [[animal]]s merely have [[code]]s.
===Human and Animal Imaginary===In other [[Lacanwords]], what is unique [[about]] [[human]] [[being]]s is not that in [[human]] [[being]] uses s the term '[[natureimaginary]]' to denote [[order]] is distorted by the idea added dimension of the [[symbolic]]. The [[imaginary]] is what [[animal]]s and [[human]] [[being]]s have in common, except that there in [[human]] [[being]]s it is no longer a 'natural order' in [[humanimaginary]]. Hence [[Lacan]] repudiates "the [[doctrine]] of a discontinuity between animal psychology and human psychology which is far away from our [[existencethought]]."<ref>{{Ec}} p.484</ref>
===Biological Basis of Human Behavior===This great [[Lacanfantasy]] is highly critical of all such [[nature]] underlies modern [[psychology]], which attempts to explain the phenomena in terms of [[naturehuman]] [[behavior]] by reference to [[biology|ethological categories]] such as [[instinct]] and [[adaptation]].
===Symbolic Alienation from Natural Order===[[Lacan]] is highly critical of all such attempts to explain the phenomena in terms of [[nature]]. He argues that they are based on a failure to recognize the importance of the [[symbolic order]], which radically [[alienation|alienates]] [[human beings ]] [[being]]s from the [[natural givens]] [[order]].
<blockquote>In the [[human ]] [[world]], even "those significations [[signification]]s that are closest to [[need]], significations [[signification]]s that are relative to the most purely [[biological ]] insertion into a nutrittive and captivating [[environment]], primordial significations[[signification]]s, are, in theri their sequence and in their very foundation, subject to the laws [[law]]s of the [[signifier]].<ref>{{S3}} p. 198</ref></blockquote>
===Mythical Pre-Linguistic State of Nature===[[Lacan]] thus argued argues that '"the [[Freudian ]] discovery teaches us that all natural [[harmony ]] in man is profoundly disconcerted."<ref>{{S3}} p. 83</ref> There is not even a pure [[nature|natural state]] at the beginning in which the [[human]] [[subject]] might [[exist]] before being caught up in the [[symbolic]] [[order]].
[[Need]] is never [[present ]] in a pure [[pre-oedipal phase|pre-[[linguisticstate]] state in the [[human ]] [[being]]: such a '"[[mythical' ]]" [[linguistic|pre-linguistic ]] [[need]] can only be hypothesized after it has been articulated in [[demand]].
===Human Sexuality, Nature and Culture===The [[absence]] of a [[natural]] [[order]] in [[human]] [[existence]] can be seen most clearly in [[human]] [[sexuality]]. [[Freud]] and [[Lacan]] both argue that [[human ]] [[sexuality]] is entirely caught up in the [[cultural]] [[order]].
====Perversion====There is no such [[Freud]] and [[Lacan]] both argue that even [[sexualitything]], which might seem to be for the [[significationhuman]] closest to nature in the human being, is completely caught up in the as a ''[[culturalnature|natural]] [[order]]; there is no such thing, for the human being, as a natural '' [[sexual relationship]]. One consequence of this is that [[perversion]] cannot be defined by reference to a supposed [[natural]] or [[biological]] [[norm]] governing [[sexuality]].
====Instincts and Drives====
Whereas [[animal]] [[instincts]] are relatively invariable, [[human]] [[sexuality]] is governed by [[drive]]s which are extremely variable and do not aim at a [[biology|biological]] function.
==See Also==
{{See}}* [[Adaptation]]* [[Alienation]]* [[Biology]]||* [[lawCode]]* [[prohibitionCulture]]* [[biologyDrive]]||* [[Instinct]]* [[Language]]* [[Law]]||* [[Need]]* [[Perversion]]* [[Sexual relationship]]{{Also}}
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[[Category:Culture]]
[[Category:Anthropology]]
[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
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[[Category:Jacques Lacan]]
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