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{{Top}}aliénation{{Bottom}}
The term "[[alienation]]", used by [[Jacques Lacan]], implies both [[psychiatric]] and [[philosophical]] references.
==Psychiatry==
[[French ]] [[psychiatry]] in the nineteenth century (e.g. Pinel) conceived of mental illness as ''aliénation mentale'', and a common term in [[French ]] for '"[[madness|madman' ]]" is ''[[alienation|aliéné]].''<ref>a term which Lacan himself uses; {{Ec, }} p. 154</ref>
==Philosophy==
The term '"[[alienation]]' " is the usual translation for the [[German]] term ''[[alienation|Entfremdung]]'' which features in the [[philosophy ]] of [[Hegel]] and [[Marx]].
However, the [[Lacan]]ian concept of [[alienation]] differs greatly from the ways that the term is employed in the [[Hegel]]ian and [[Marx]]ist tradition.<ref>{{Sll}} p.215</ref>
===Split Subject===
For [[Lacan]], [[alienation]] is not an accident that befalls the [[subject]] and which can be transcended, but an essential constitutive feature of the [[subject]].
The [[subject]] is fundamentally [[split]], [[alienation|alienated ]] from himself, and there is no escape from this [[division]], no possibility of '"[[wholeness]]' " or [[synthesis]]. ===Ego===[[Alienation]] is an inevitable consequence of the process by which the [[ego]] is constituted by [[identification]] with the [[counterpart]]:
In Rimbaud's words, "I is an other."<ref>{{E}} p.23</ref>
===Imaginary===Thus [[alienation]] belongs to the [[imaginary]] [[order]]: <blockquote>"Alienation is constitutive of the imaginary order. Alienation is the imaginary as such."<ref>{{S3}} p.146</ref></blockquote>
===Psychosis===
Although [[alienation]] is an essential characteristic of all [[subjectivity]], [[psychosis]] represents a more extreme form of [[alienation]].
==="Extimacy"==
[[Lacan]] coined the term ''[[extimacy]]'' to designate the nature of this [[alienation]], in which [[alterity]] inhabits the innermost core of the [[subject]].
===Separation===
[[Lacan]] devotes the whole of chapter 16 of [[Seminar_XI|The Seminar, Book XI, The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis]] (1964a) to a discussion of [[alienation]] and the related concept of [[separation]].
==See Also==
{{See}}* [[SeparationCounterpart]]* [[Ego-ideal]]||* ''[[Extimacy]]''* [[Identification]]||
* [[Imaginary]]
* [[Mirror stage]]
||* [[Philosophy]]* [[Psychosis]]||* [[Split]]* [[PassionSubject]]{{Also}}
==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Philosophy]]
[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
[[Category:Jacques Lacan]]
[[Category:Imaginary]]
[[Category:Jacques LacanDictionary]][[Category:Concepts]]
[[Category:Terms]]
[[Category:New]]