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==Sigmund Freud==The term '"[[alienation' ]]" does not constitute part of [[Freud]]'s [[theory|theoretical ]] [[:category:concepts|vocabulary]]. In Lacan's work the term implies both psychiatric and philosophical references:
;Philosophy
The term "[[alienation]]" is the usual [[translation]] for the [[German]] term ''[[alienation|Entfremdung]]'' which features in the '''[[philosophy]]''' of [[Hegel]] and [[Marx]].
However, the [[Lacan]]ian [[concept]] of [[alienation]] differs greatly from the ways that the term is employed in the [[Hegel]]ian and [[Marx]]ist [[tradition]].<ref>{{S11}} p. 215</ref>
===Subject===For [[Lacan]], [[alienation]] is not an accident that befalls the '''[[subject]]''' and which can be transcended, but an essential constitutive feature of the '''[[subject]]'''. The [[subject]] is fundamentally '''[[split]]''', [[alienation|alienated]] from himself, and there is no escape from this [[division]], no possibility of "[[wholeness]]" or [[synthesis]]. ===Ego===[[Alienation]] is an inevitable consequence of the [[process]] by which the '''[[ego]]''' is constituted by '''[[identification]]''' with the [[counterpart]]: <blockquote>"The initial synthesis of the ''ego'' is essentially an ''alter ego'', it is alienated."<ref>{{S3}} p. 39</ref></blockquote> In Rimbaud's [[words]], "I is an [[other]]."<ref>{{E}} p. 23</ref> ===Imaginary===Thus [[alienation]] belongs to the '''[[imaginary]] [[order]]''': <blockquote>"Alienation is constitutive of [[the imaginary]] order. Alienation is [[The Imaginary|the imaginary]] as such."<ref>{{S3}} p. 146</ref></blockquote> ===Psychosis===Although [[alienation]] is an essential characteristic of all [[subjectivity]], '''[[psychosis]]''' represents a more extreme [[form]] of [[alienation]]. ==="Extimacy"===[[Lacan]] coined the term "'''[[extimacy]]'''" to designate the [[nature]] of this [[alienation]], in which [[alterity]] inhabits the innermost core of the [[subject]]. ===Separation===[[Lacan]] devotes the [[whole]] of chapter 16 of [[Seminar_XI|The Seminar, Book XI, The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis]] (1964a) to a [[discussion]] of [[alienation]] and the related concept of '''[[separation]]'''. ==See Also=={{See}}* [[Counterpart]]* [[Ego-ideal]]||* ''[[Extimacy]]''* [[Identification]]||* [[Imaginary]]* [[Mirror stage]]||* [[Philosophy]]* [[Psychosis]]||* [[Split]]* [[Subject]]{{Also}} == References ==<div style="font-size:11px" class="references-small">
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[[Category:Philosophy]]
[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
[[Category:Jacques Lacan]]
[[Category:Imaginary]]
[[Category:LacanDictionary]][[Category:Concepts]]
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