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'''Anna [[Freud]]''' (December 3, 1895 - October 9, 1982) was the sixth and last child of [[Sigmund Freud|Sigmund]] and Martha Freud. [[Born ]] in [[Vienna]], she followed the path of her [[father ]] and contributed to the newly born field of [[psychoanalysis]]. anna freud Viennese-born British [[psychoanalyst]], youngest daughter of [[Sigmund Freud]] and founder, in 1947, of the Hampstead Child [[Therapy]] [[Clinic]].Her ''Selecting Writings'' privdes a comprehensive introduction to her [[work]]. [[Anna Freud]] is one of the pioneers of [[child psychoanalysis]] and of the [[psychoanalytic]] study of normal child [[development]].Firmly grounded in Freud's second [[topology]] of [[id]], [[ego]] and [[superego]], her work is one of the starting points for the development of [[ego-psychology]].Her main contribution to psychoanalytic [[theory]] is her description of the [[defense]] mechanisms used by the [[ego]] in its attempt to avoid [[anxiety]], [[danger]] and [[unpleasure]]. According to Anna Freud, the [[superego]] originates in the [[mechanism]] of [[identification]] with the aggressor, as the child mimics and then [[identifies]] with the [[aggressive]] criticisms of its [[parents]] in such a way as to allow the [[ego]] to perceive its own faults. [[Anna Freud]]'s theory of child development is based uppon the view that there is a normal sequence of [[libidinal]] phases ([[oral]], [[anal]] and [[genital]]) and that a [[child]] who is going to be a [[harmonious]] [[personality]] should, at each [[stage]] of [[Libidinal Development|libidinal development]], reach a corresponding stage of emotional maturity, phsical independence, companionship and creative play. In 1943-4, the respective supporters of [[Anna Freud]] and [[Melanie Klein]] became embroiled in the so-called 'Controversial Discussions' which almost [[split]] the British Psychoanalytic [[Association]] and let to its [[recognition]] of [[three]] coexisting groups (Freudians, Kleinians and 'Independents').The discussions focused on differences over play therapy, the [[chronology]] of the onset of the [[Oedipus complex]] and of the [[superego]] [[formation]], and the [[role]] of [[fantasy]].
==The Vienna years==
Anna did not have a very close bond with her [[mother ]] and had difficulties getting along with her siblings, specifically with her sister Sophie Freud. Sophie, who was the prettiest child, represented a [[threat ]] in the [[struggle ]] for the affection of their father. Apart from this [[rivalry ]] between the two sisters, Anna had some [[other ]] difficulties growing up. Out of correspondence between father and daughter, it can be concluded today that Anna suffered from a [[depression ]] which caused eating disorders. The [[relationship ]] between Anna and her father was different from the rest of her [[family]], they were very close. She was a lively child with a reputation for mischief. Freud wrote to his friend [[Wilhelm Fliess]] in 1899: "Anna has become downright beautiful through naughtiness... ", Sigmund was very proud of his youngest daughter.
Anna began [[school ]] in 1901, later on Anna would say that she didn’t learn much in school but all the more from her father and his guests at home. This way she picked up [[languages ]] as Hebrew, [[German]], [[English]], [[French ]] and Italian. At the age of 15, she started [[reading ]] her father’s work. At a young age she started to tell her father her [[dreams ]] and he would publish [[them ]] in his book [[Interpretation ]] of Dreams. Anna finished her education at the Cottage Lyceum in Vienna in 1912. [[Suffering ]] from a depression, she was very insecure [[about ]] what to do in the [[future]]. Subsequently, she went to Italy to stay with her grandmother.
In 1914, she started teaching at her old school, the Cottage Lyceum. In 1918 her father started [[psychoanalysis]] on her and she became seriously involved with this new [[profession]]. Her [[analysis ]] was completed in 1922 and thereupon she presented the paper ''"Beating [[Fantasies ]] and daydreams"'' to the Vienna [[Psychoanalytical ]] [[Society]], subsequently becoming a member. In 1923 she began her own psychoanalytical [[practice ]] with [[children ]] and two years later she was teaching at the Vienna Psychoanalytic [[Training ]] Institute on the [[technique ]] of [[Child Analysis|child analysis]]. From 1927 until 1934 she was the General Secretary of the [[International Psychoanalytical Association]] while she continued child analysis and [[seminars ]] and conferences on the [[subject]]. In 1935 Anna became director of the Vienna Psychoanalytical Training Institute and in the following year she published her influential study of the "ways and means by which the ego wards off [[displeasure ]] and anxiety", ''The Ego and the Mechanisms of [[Defence]]''. It became a founding work of [[ego psychology]] and established Anna’s reputation as a pioneering theoretician.
==1938 and later : Anna in London==
In 1938 the Freuds had to flee from [[Austria ]] as a consequence of the [[Nazis]]' continuous harassment of [[Jews ]] in Vienna. Her father's health, who was severely infected with jaw cancer, was getting bad and she had to organize the family's emigration to [[London]]. Here she continued her work and took care of her father, who finally died in the autumn of 1939. When Anna arrived in London, a [[conflict ]] emerged between her and [[Melanie Klein]] regarding [[developmental ]] theories of children. This conflict threatened to split the British [[Psycho]]-analytical Society, but ended in training courses given from two different points of view.
The war gave Anna opportunity to observe the impact of [[deprivation ]] of parental care on children. She set up a centre for young war victims, called "The Hampstead War Nursery". Here the children got foster care although mothers were encouraged to visit as often as possible. The underlying [[idea ]] was to give children the opportunity to [[form ]] attachments by providing continuity of relationships. This was continued after the war at the ''Bulldogs Bank home'', which was an orphanage, ran by colleagues of Anna and was taking care of children who survive concentration camps. Based on these observations Anna published a series of studies with her lifelong friend, Dorothy Burlingham on the impact of [[stress]] on children and the ability to find [[substitute ]] affections among peers when parents cannot give them.
In 1947 Anna Freud and Kate Friedlaender established the Hampstead Child Therapy Courses. Five years later, a children's clinic was added. Here they worked with Anna's theory of the [[developmental lines]]. Furthermore Anna started lecturing on [[child psychology]]. Until then Child analysis had remained a quite uncharted territory. Siegfried [[Bernfeld ]] and August Aichorn, who both had [[practical ]] [[experience ]] of dealing with children, mentored her in this.
From the 1950s until the end of her [[life ]] Anna Freud travelled regularly to the [[United States]] to lecture, to teach and to visit friends. During the 1970s she was concerned with the problems of emotionally deprived and socially disadvantaged children, and she studied deviations and delays in development. At Yale Law School she taught seminars on crime and the family: this led to a transatlantic collaboration with Joseph Goldstein and Albert Solnit on children and the law, published as ''Beyond the Best Interests of the Child''(1973).
Anna Freud died in [[October 9]], [[1982]]. One year after her [[death ]] a publication of her collected works appeared. She was mentioned as "a passionate and inspirational teacher" and the Hampstead Clinic was renamed the [[Anna Freud Centre]]. Furthermore her home in London for forty years was in 1986, as she had wished, transformed into the Freud Museum, dedicated to her father and the psychoanalytical society.
==Major contributions to psychoanalysis==
Anna Freud moved away from the classical [[position ]] of her father, who was concentrating on the [[unconscious ]] [[Id]] (a perspective she found to be restrictive) and instead emphasized the importance of the [[ego]], the constant struggle and conflict it is experiencing by the [[need ]] to answer contradicting wishes, desires, values and [[demands ]] of [[reality]]. By this, she established the importance of the ego functions and the [[concept ]] of [[defense mechanisms]].Focusing on research, observation and [[treatment ]] of children, Freud established a group of prominent child developmental [[analysts ]] (which included Eric Erikson, Edith Jacobson and [[Margaret Mahler]]) who noticed that children's [[symptoms ]] were ultimately analogue to personality disorders among [[adults ]] and thus often related to developmental [[stages]]. At that [[time]], these [[ideas ]] were revolutionary and Anna provided us with a comprehensive developmental theory and the concept of [[developmental lines]], which combined her father's important [[drive ]] [[model ]] with more [[recent ]] [[object relations]] theories of development, which emphasize the importance of parents in child development [[processes]].
As such, the formation of the fields of child psychoanalysis and child developmental [[psychology ]] can be attributed to Anna Freud.Anna Freud furthermore developed different techniques of assessment and treatment of children disorders, thereby contributing to our [[understanding ]] of [[anxiety]] and [[clinical depression|depression]] as significant problems among children.
[[Category:Psychoanalytic theory|Freud, Anna]]
[[Category:People]]
ANNA FREUD (142-3)
Freud, Anna 5, 6, 131, 242, 278 [[Ecrits]]
