[[Anxiety]] (''{{Top}}angoisse'') has long been recognised in [[psychiatry]] as one of the most common [[symptom]]s of mental disorder. {{Bottom}}
Psychiatric descriptions ==Psychiatry=="[[Anxiety]]" has long been recognised in [[psychiatry]] as one of anxiety generally refer to both the most common [[symptom]]s of [[mental phenomena (apprehension, worry) and bodily phenomena (breathlessnes, palpitations, muscle tension, fatigue, dizziness, sweating and tremor)]] disorder.
Psychiatrists also distinguish between generalised [[Psychiatric]] descriptions of [[anxiety states]] generally refer to both mental phenomena (apprehension, worry) and [[bodily]] phenomena (breathlessnes, palpitations, muscle tension, fatigue, when "free-floating anxiety" is present most of the timedizziness, sweating and "panic attacks", which are "intermittent episodes of acute anxietytremor)."<ref>Hughes, 1981: 48-9</ref>
The German term employed by [[FreudPsychiatrist]] (s also distinguish between generalised [[anxiety]] states, when "free-[[floating]] anxiety" is [[present]] most of the [[time]], and "[[panic]] attacks," which are "intermittent episodes of acute anxiety."<ref>Hughes, Jennifer. ''AngstAn [[Outline]] of Modern Psychiatry'') can have the psychiatric sense described above, but is by no means an exclusively technical termChichester: Wiley, being also in common use in ordinary speech1991. pp. 48-9</ref>
==Sigmund Freud developed two theories of anxiety during ==The [[German]] term employed by [[Freud]] (''[[Angst]]'') can have the course of his work[[psychiatric]] [[sense]] described above, but is by no means an exclusively technical term, [[being]] also in common use in ordinary [[speech]].
From 1884 to 1925 he argued that neurotic [[Freud]] developed two theories of [[anxiety is simply a transformation ]] during the course of sexual his [[libidowork]] that has not been adequately discharged.
In 1926, however, From 1884 to 1925 he abandoned this theory and argued instead that [[neurotic]] [[anxiety was ]] is simply a reaction to a 'traumatic situation' - an experience transformation of [[helplessnesssexual]] [[libido]] in the face of an accumulation of excitation that cannot be dischargedhas not been adequately [[discharge]]d.
Traumatic situations are precipitated by 'situations of danger' such as birthIn 1926, [[Freud]] argued that [[anxiety]] is a reaction to a "[[trauma]]tic [[situation]], loss " an [[experience]] of [[helplessness]] in the mother as object, loss face of an accumulation of the object's love and, above all, [[castrationexcitation]] that cannot be [[discharge]]d.
Freud distinguishes between 'automatic anxiety'[[Trauma]]tic situations are precipitated by "situations of [[danger]]" such as [[birth]], when [[loss]] of the anxiety arises directly [[mother]] as a result [[object]], [[loss]] of a traumatic situationthe [[object]]'s [[love]] and, and 'anxiety as signal'above all, when the anxiety is actively reproduced by the ego as a warning of an anticipated situation of danger[[castration]].
Lacan[[Freud]] distinguishes between "[[anxiety|automatic anxiety]], in his pre-war writings" when the [[anxiety]] arises directly as a result of a [[trauma]]tic situation, relates and "[[anxiety primarily to |anxiety as signal]]," when the threat of fragmentation with which the subject [[anxiety]] is confronted in actively reproduced by the mirror stage (see [[fragmented bodyego]])as a warning of an anticipated situation of danger.
It is only long after ==Jacques Lacan==In his early work, [[Lacan]] relates [[anxiety]] to the [[threat]] of [[fragmentation]] which the [[subject]] confronts in the [[mirror stage, he argues, that these fantasies of bodily dismemberment coalesce around the penis, giving rise to castration anxiety]].<ref>Lacan, 1938: 44</ref>
He also links anxiety with It is only long after the fear [[mirror stage]], he argues, that these [[fantasy|fantasies]] of being engulfed by bodily dismemberment coalesce around the devouring mother[[penis]], giving rise to [[castration]] [[anxiety]].<ref>{{1938}} p. 44</ref>
This theme (with its distinctly He also [[Kleinlinks]]ian tone) remains an important aspect of Lacan's account of [[anxiety thereafter, and marks an apparent difference between Lacan and Freud: whereas Freud posits that one of the causes of anxiety is separation from ]] with the [[motherfear]], Lacan argues that it is precisely a lack of such being engulfed by the devouring [[separationmother]] which induces anxiety.
After 1953This theme (with its distinctly [[Klein]]ian tone) remains an important aspect of [[Lacan]]'s account of [[anxiety]] thereafter, and marks an [[apparent]] [[difference]] between [[Lacan comes increasingly to articulate ]] and [[Freud]]: whereas [[Freud]] posits that one of the causes of [[anxiety with his concept of ]] is [[separation]] from the real[[mother]], [[Lacan]] argues that it is precisely a traumatic element [[lack]] of such [[separation]] which remains external to symbolisation, and hence which lacks any possible mediationinduces [[anxiety]].
This ==Real==After 1953, [[Lacan]] comes increasingly to articulate [[anxiety]] with his [[concept]] of the [[real is "the essential object ]], a [[trauma]]tic element which isn't an object any longerremains [[external]] to [[symbolisation]], but this something faced with and hence which all words cease and all categories fail, the object of anxiety par excellence[[lacks]] any possible mediation."<ref>S2, 164</ref>
As well as linking anxiety with the real, Lacan also locates it in the This [[imaginaryreal]] is "the essential object which isn't an object any longer, but this something faced with which all [[orderwords]] cease and contrasts it with guilt, which he situates in the all [[symboliccategories]]fail, the object of anxiety par excellence."<ref>Lacan, 1956b: 272-3{{S2}} p. 164</ref>
"Anxiety, ==Imaginary==As well as we knowlinking [[anxiety]] with the [[real]], is always connected [[Lacan]] also locates it in the [[imaginary]] [[order]] and contrasts it with a loss . . . with a two-sided relation on the point of fading away to be superseded by something else[[guilt]], something which he situates in the patient cannot face without vertigo[[symbolic]]."<ref>{{L}} "[[Works of Jacques Lacan|Fetishism: The Symbolic, 1956bthe Imaginary and the Real]]" (with W. Granoff), 1956. M. [[Balint]] (ed.), ''Perversions: [[Psychodynamics]] and [[Therapy]]'', New York: Random House, [[London]]: 273Tavistock. pp. 272-3</ref>
In <blockquote>"Anxiety, as we [[know]], is always connected with a loss . . . with a two-sided relation on the seminar point of 1956-7 Lacan goes on [[fading]] away to develop his theory of anxiety furtherbe superseded by something else, in something which the context of his discussion of [[phobiapatient]] cannot face without [[vertigo]]."<ref>{{L}} "[[Works of Jacques Lacan|Fetishism: The Symbolic, the Imaginary and the Real]]" (with W. Granoff), 1956. M. Balint (ed.), ''Perversions: Psychodynamics and Therapy'', New York: Random House, London: Tavistock. p. 273</ref></blockquote>
==Phobia==In the [[seminar]] of 1956-7 [[Lacan argues that ]] goes on to develop his [[theory]] of [[anxiety is the radical danger which the subject attempts to avoid at all costs]] further, and that in the various subjective formations encountered in psychoanalysis, from phobias to fetishism, are protections against anxietycontext of his [[discussion]] of [[phobia]].<ref>S4, 23</ref>
Anxiety [[Lacan]] argues that [[anxiety]] is thus present in the radical danger which the [[subject]] attempts to avoid at all neurotic structurescosts, but is especially evident and that the various [[subject]]ive [[formation]]s encountered in phobia (E[[psychoanalysis]], 321). Even a from [[phobia is preferable ]]s to anxiety;<ref>S4[[fetishism]], 345</ref> a phobia at least replaces are protections against [[anxiety (which is terrible precisely because it is not focused on a particular object but revolves around an absence) with fear (which is focused on a particular object and thus may be symbolically worked-through)]].<ref>{{S4, 243-6}} p. 23</ref>
In his analysis of the case of Little Hans[[Anxiety]] is thus present in all [[neurotic]] [[structure]]s,but is especially evident in [[phobia]].<ref>Freud, 1909b{{E}} p. 321</ref> Lacan argues that anxiety arises at that moment when the subject is poised between the imaginary preoedipal triangle and the Oedipal quaternary.
It Even a [[phobia]] is preferable to [[anxiety]];<ref>{{S4}} p. 345</ref> a [[phobia]] at this junction that Hans's real penis makes itself felt in infantile masturbation; least replaces [[anxiety is produced because he can now measure the difference between that for ]] with [[fear]] (which he is loved by the mother (his position as imaginary phallus) focused on a [[particular]] [[object]] and that which he really has to give (his insignificant real organthus may be [[symbolic|symbolically]] worked-through).<ref>{{S4, }} p. 243-6</ref>
Anxiety is this point where ==Little Hans==In his [[analysis]] of the subject is suspended between [[case]] of [[Little Hans]],<ref>{{F}} "[[Work of Sigmund Freud|Analysis of a moment where he no longer knows where he is and Phobia in a future where he will never again be able to refind himselfFive-Year-Old Boy]]", 1909b.<ref>S4[[SE]] X, 2263.</ref> [[Lacan]] argues that [[anxiety]] arises at that [[moment]] when the [[subject]] is poised between the [[imaginary]] [[preoedipal phase|preoedipal triangle]] and the [[Oedipal]] [[quaternary]].
It is at this junction that [[Little Hans would have been saved from this anxiety by the castrating intervention of the |Hans]]'s real father, but this does not happen[[penis]] makes itself felt in [[infantile]] [[masturbation]]; [[anxiety]] is produced because he can now measure the father fails to intervene to separate Hans from difference between that for which he is loved by the [[mother, ]] (his [[position]] as [[imaginary phallus]]) and thus Hans develops a phobia as a substitute for this interventionthat which he really has to give (his insignificant real [[organ]]).<ref>{{S4}} p. 243</ref>
Once again, what emerges from Lacan's account of Little Hans [[Anxiety]] is this point where the [[subject]] is that it suspended between a moment where he no longer [[knows]] where he is not separation from the mother which gives rise and a [[future]] where he will never again be able to anxiety, but failure to separate from herrefind himself.<ref>{{S4, 319}} p.226</ref>
Consequently, castration, far [[Hans]] would have been saved from being this [[anxiety]] by the principal source [[castrating]] [[intervention]] of anxietythe [[real]] [[father]], is actually what saves but this does not happen; the subject [[father]] fails to intervene to [[separate]] [[Hans]] from anxietythe [[mother]], and thus [[Hans]] develops a [[phobia]] as a [[substitute]] for this intervention.
In the seminar of 1960-1 Once again, what emerges from [[Lacan stresses the relationship ]]'s account of anxiety to desire; anxiety [[Little Hans]] is that it is a way of sustaining desire when not [[separation]] from the object is missing and, conversely, desire is a remedy for [[mother]] which gives rise to [[anxiety]], something easier but failure to bear than anxiety itself[[separation|separate]] from her.<ref>S8, 430{{S4}} p. 319</ref>
He also argues that Consequently, [[castration]], far from being the principal source of [[anxiety ]], is not always internal to actually what saves the [[subject, but can often come from another, just as it is transmitted ]] from one animal to another in a herd; "if [[anxiety is a signal, it means it can come from another]]."<ref>S8, 427</ref>
This is why ==Desire==In the analyst must not allow his own anxiety to interfere with the treatment, a requirement which he is only able to meet because he maintains a desire [[seminar]] of his own1960-1, [[Lacan]] stresses the [[relationship]] of [[anxiety]] to [[desire of the analyst]].<ref>S8, 430</ref>
In the seminar of 1962-3, entitled simply '[[Anxiety', Lacan argues that anxiety is an affect, not an emotion, and furthermore that it ]] is a way to sustain [[desire]] when the only affect which is beyond all doubt, which [[object]] is not deceptive[[missing]].<ref>see also Sl l, 41</ref>
Whereas Freud distinguished between fear (which [[Desire]] is focused on a specific object) and remedy for [[anxiety (which is not)]], Lacan now argues that easier to bear than [[anxiety is not without an object (n'est pas sans objet); it simply involves a different kind of object, an object which cannot be symbolised in the same way as all other objects]].<ref>{{S8}} p. 430</ref>
This object He also argues that the source of [[anxiety]] is objet petit anot always [[internal]] to the [[subject]], the but can often come from [[object-cause of desireanother]], and just as it is transmitted from one [[animal]] to another in a herd; "if anxiety appears when something appears in the place of this objectis a [[signal]], it means it can come from another."<ref>{{S8}} p. 427</ref>
Anxiety arises when This is why the [[analyst]] must not allow his own [[anxiety]] to interfere with the subject [[treatment]], a requirement which he is confronted by only able to meet because he maintains a [[desire]] of his own, the [[desire ]] of the Other and does not know what object he is for that desire[[analyst]].<ref>{{S8}} p.430</ref>
It is also in this ==Truth==In the [[seminar ]] of 1962-3, entitled simply "[[Anxiety]]", [[Lacan]] argues that Lacan links [[anxiety to ]] is an [[affect]], not an [[affect|emotion]], and furthermore that it is the concept of lackonly [[affect]] which is beyond all [[doubt]], which is not [[truth|deceptive]].<ref>{{S11}} p. 41</ref>
All desire arises from lack, ==''Objet (petit) a''==Whereas [[Freud]] distinguished between [[fear]] (which is focused on a specific object) and [[anxiety arises when this lack ]] (which is itself lacking; not), [[Lacan]] now argues that [[anxiety ]] is not without an [[object]] (''n'est pas sans [[objet]]''); it simply involves a different kind of [[object]], an [[object]] which cannot be [[symbolise]]d in the lack of a lacksame way as all other [[object]]s.
Anxiety This [[object]] is not ''[[objet petit a]]'', the absence [[object-cause of the breastdesire]], but its enveloping presence; it is and [[anxiety]] appears when something appears in the possibility [[place]] of its absence which is, in fact, that which saves us from anxietythis [[object]].
Acting out and passage to [[Anxiety]] arises when the act are last defences against anxiety.Anxiety [[subject]] is also linked to confronted by the [[desire]] of the mirror stage[[Other]] and does not know what [[object]] he is for that [[desire]].
Even ==Lack==It is also in this [[seminar]] that [[Lacan]] links [[anxiety]] to the usually comforting experience concept of seeing one's reflection in the mirror there can occur a moment when the specular image is modified and suddenly seems strange to us[[lack]].
In All [[desire]] arises from [[lack]], and [[anxiety]] arises when this way, Lacan links [[lack]] is itself [[lack]]ing; [[anxiety to Freud's concept ]] is the [[lack]] of the uncannya [[lack]].<ref>Freud, 1919h</ref>
Whereas [[Anxiety]] is not the seminar [[absence]] of 1962-3 the [[breast]], but its enveloping [[presence]]; it is largely concerned with Freud's second theory the possibility of anxiety (anxiety as signal)its [[absence]] which is, in the seminar of 1974-5 Lacan appears to return to the first Freudian theory of anxiety (fact, that which saves us from [[anxiety as transformed libido)]].
Thus he comments that anxiety is that which exists in [[Acting out]] and [[passage to the interior of the body when the body is overcome with phallic jouissance.<ref>Lacan, 1974-5: seminar of 17 December 1974</ref><ref>anxiety 41, 73 act]] are last [[defence]]s against [[Seminar XIanxiety]]</ref>.
==Mirror Stage==
[[Anxiety]] is also linked to the [[mirror stage]].
Three types: reality (anxiety about Even in the usually comforting experience of [[seeing]] one's [[reflection]] in the [[mirror]] there can occur a moment when the external world)[[specular image]] is modified and suddenly seems strange to us. In this way, normal or moral ([[Lacan]] links [[anxiety about ]] to [[Freud]]'s concept of the superego's (originally'[[uncanny]]''.<ref>{{F}} "[[The Uncanny]]", 1919h. [[SE]] XIV, 161.</ref> ==''Jouissance''==Whereas the parents moral consciousness) punishing should[[seminar]] of 1962-3 is largely concerned with [[Freud]]'s and oughtssecond theory of [[anxiety]] ([[anxiety]] as [[sign]]al)), and neurotic in the [[seminar]] of 1974-5 [[Lacan]] appears to [[return]] to the first [[Freud]]ian theory of [[anxiety]] ([[anxiety that a repressed sexual wish might surface]] as transformed [[libido]]). Anxiety Thus he comments that [[anxiety]] is felt only by that which [[exists]] in the interior of the [[body]] when the ego and might have hereditary components[[body]] is overcome with [[phallus|phallic]] ''[[jouissance]]''.<ref>{{L}} ''[[Seminar XXII|Le Séminaire. Livre XXII. RSI, 1974-5]]'', published in ''[[Ornicar?]]'', nos. In his later work Freud referred to anxiety as a danger signal2-5, 1975.[[Seminar]] of 17 December 1974</ref> ==See Also=={{See}}* [[Absence]]* [[Castration]]* [[Desire]]||* [[Fragmented body]]* ''[[Jouissance]]''* [[Lack]]||* [[Mirror stage]]* [[Mother]]* [[Other]]||* [[Neurosis]]* [[Phobia]]* [[Structure]]{{Also}}
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