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Anxiety

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==Psychiatry==
"[[Anxiety]]" has long been recognised in [[psychiatry]] as one of the most common [[symptom]]s of [[mental]] disorder.
SYMPTOM[[Psychiatric]] descriptions of [[anxiety]] generally refer to both mental phenomena (apprehension, worry) and [[bodily]] phenomena (breathlessnes, palpitations, muscle tension, fatigue, dizziness, sweating and tremor).
[[AnxietyPsychiatrist]] (s also distinguish between generalised [[anxiety]] states, when "free-[[Frenchfloating]]:''angoisse'') has long been recognised in anxiety" is [[psychiatrypresent]] as one most of the most common [[symptomtime]], and "[[panic]] attacks," which are "intermittent episodes of acute anxiety."<ref>Hughes, Jennifer. ''An [[Outline]]s of mental disorderModern Psychiatry'', Chichester: Wiley, 1991. pp. 48-9</ref>
DESCRIPTION==Sigmund Freud==Psychiatric descriptions of anxiety generally refer to both mental phenomena The [[German]] term employed by [[Freud]] (apprehension, worry''[[Angst]]'') and bodily phenomena (breathlessnes, palpitations, muscle tensioncan have the [[psychiatric]] [[sense]] described above, fatiguebut is by no means an exclusively technical term, dizziness, sweating and tremor)[[being]] also in common use in ordinary [[speech]].
Psychiatrists also distinguish between generalised anxiety states, when "free-floating [[Freud]] developed two theories of [[anxiety" is present most of ]] during the time, and "panic attacks", which are "intermittent episodes course of acute anxietyhis [[work]]."<ref>Hughes, 1981: 48-9</ref>
The German term employed by From 1884 to 1925 he argued that [[Freudneurotic]] [[anxiety]] (''Angst'') can have the psychiatric sense described above, but is by no means an exclusively technical term, being also in common use in ordinary speechsimply a transformation of [[sexual]] [[libido]] that has not been adequately [[discharge]]d.
In 1926, [[Freud]] developed two theories argued that [[anxiety]] is a reaction to a "[[trauma]]tic [[situation]]," an [[experience]] of [[anxietyhelplessness]] during in the course face of his workan accumulation of [[excitation]] that cannot be [[discharge]]d.
From 1884 to 1925 he argued that [[neuroticTrauma]] tic situations are precipitated by "situations of [[danger]]" such as [[birth]], [[loss]] of the [[anxietymother]] as [[object]], [[loss]] is simply a transformation of the [[object]]'s [[sexuallove]] and, above all, [[libidocastration]] that has not been adequately discharged.
In 1926, [[Freud]] argued that distinguishes between "[[anxiety]] is a reaction to a '[[trauma]]tic situation', an experience of [[helplessness]] in the face of an accumulation of excitation that cannot be discharged.  [[Trauma]]tic situations are precipitated by 'situations of danger' such as birth, [[loss]] of the [[mother]] as [[object|automatic anxiety]], [[loss]] of the [[object]]'s [[love]] and, above all, [[castration]].  [[Freud]] distinguishes between 'automatic anxiety', " when the [[anxiety]] arises directly as a result of a [[trauma]]tic situation, and '"[[anxiety|anxiety as signal']], " when the [[anxiety]] is actively reproduced by the [[ego]] as a warning of an anticipated situation of danger.
==Jacques Lacan==
In his early work, [[Lacan]] relates [[anxiety]] to the [[threat]] of [[fragmentation]] which the [[subject]] confronts in the [[mirror stage]].
It is only long after the [[mirror stage]], he argues, that these [[fantasy|fantasies ]] of bodily dismemberment coalesce around the [[penis]], giving rise to [[castration]] [[anxiety]].<ref>Lacan, {{1938: }} p. 44</ref>
He also [[links ]] [[anxiety]] with the [[fear]] of being engulfed by the devouring [[mother]].
This theme (with its distinctly [[Klein]]ian tone) remains an important aspect of [[Lacan]]'s account of [[anxiety]] thereafter, and marks an [[apparent ]] [[difference ]] between [[Lacan]] and [[Freud]]: whereas [[Freud]] posits that one of the causes of [[anxiety]] is [[separation]] from the [[mother]], [[Lacan]] argues that it is precisely a [[lack ]] of such [[separation]] which induces [[anxiety]].
==Real==After 1953, [[Lacan]] comes increasingly to articulate [[anxiety]] with his [[concept ]] of the [[real]], a [[trauma]]tic element which remains [[external]] to [[symbolisation]], and hence which [[lacks ]] any possible mediation.
This [[real]] is "the essential object which isn't an object any longer, but this something faced with which all [[words ]] cease and all [[categories ]] fail, the object of anxiety par excellence."<ref>{{S2}} p.164</ref>
==Imaginary==As well as linking [[anxiety]] with the [[real]], [[Lacan]] also locates it in the [[imaginary]] [[order]] and contrasts it with [[guilt]], which he situates in the [[symbolic]].<ref>{{L}} "[[Works of Jacques Lacan|Fetishism: The Symbolic, the Imaginary and the Real]]" (with W. Granoff), 1956. M. [[Balint]] (ed.), 1956b''Perversions: [[Psychodynamics]] and [[Therapy]]'', New York: Random House, [[London]]: Tavistock. pp. 272-3</ref>
<blockquote>"Anxiety, as we [[know]], is always connected with a loss . . . with a two-sided relation on the point of [[fading ]] away to be superseded by something else, something which the [[patient ]] cannot face without [[vertigo]]."<ref>{{L}} "[[Works of Jacques Lacan|Fetishism: The Symbolic, 1956bthe Imaginary and the Real]]" (with W. Granoff), 1956. M. Balint (ed.), ''Perversions: Psychodynamics and Therapy'', New York: Random House, London: Tavistock. p. 273</ref></blockquote>
==Phobia==In the [[seminar ]] of 1956-7 [[Lacan ]] goes on to develop his [[theory ]] of [[anxiety]] further, in the context of his [[discussion ]] of [[phobia]].
[[Lacan]] argues that [[anxiety]] is the radical danger which the [[subject]] attempts to avoid at all costs, and that the various subjective formations [[subject]]ive [[formation]]s encountered in [[psychoanalysis]], from [[phobia]]s to [[fetishism]], are protections against [[anxiety]].<ref>{{S4}} p.23</ref>
[[Anxiety ]] is thus present in all [[neurotic]] [[structure]]s, but is especially evident in [[phobia]].<ref>{{E}} p.321</ref>
Even a [[phobia]] is preferable to [[anxiety]];<ref>{{S4}} p.345</ref> a [[phobia]] at least replaces [[anxiety]] with [[fear]] (which is focused on a [[particular ]] [[object ]] and thus may be [[symbolic|symbolically ]] worked-through).<ref>{{S4}} p.243-6</ref>
==Little Hans==In his [[analysis ]] of the [[case ]] of [[Little Hans]],<ref>{{F}} "[[Work of Sigmund Freud|Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-Old Boy]]", 1909b. [[SE]] X, 3.</ref> [[Lacan]] argues that [[anxiety]] arises at that [[moment ]] when the [[subject]] is poised between the [[imaginary]] [[preoedipal phase|preoedipal triangle ]] and the [[Oedipal]] [[quaternary]].
It is at this junction that [[Little Hans|Hans]]'s real [[penis]] makes itself felt in [[infantile ]] [[masturbation]]; [[anxiety]] is produced because he can now measure the difference between that for which he is loved by the [[mother]] (his [[position ]] as [[imaginary phallus]]) and that which he really has to give (his insignificant real [[organ]]).<ref>{{S4}} p.243</ref>
[[Anxiety]] is this point where the [[subject]] is suspended between a moment where he no longer [[knows ]] where he is and a [[future ]] where he will never again be able to refind himself.<ref>{{S4}} p.226</ref>
[[Hans]] would have been saved from this [[anxiety]] by the [[castrating]] [[intervention ]] of the [[real]] [[father]], but this does not happen; the [[father]] fails to intervene to [[separate ]] [[Hans]] from the [[mother]], and thus [[Hans]] develops a [[phobia]] as a [[substitute ]] for this intervention.
Once again, what emerges from [[Lacan]]'s account of [[Little Hans]] is that it is not [[separation ]] from the [[mother]] which gives rise to [[anxiety]], but failure to [[separation|separate ]] from her.<ref>{{S4}} p.319</ref>
Consequently, [[castration]], far from being the principal source of [[anxiety]], is actually what saves the [[subject]] from [[anxiety]].
==Desire==In the 1960-1 [[seminar]], [[Le transfert]]of 1960-1, [[Lacan]] stresses the [[relationship ]] of [[anxiety]] to [[desire]].
[[Anxiety]] is a way to sustain [[desire]] when the [[object]] is [[missing]].
[[Desire]] is a remedy for [[anxiety]], easier to bear than [[anxiety]].<ref>{{S8}} p.430</ref>
He also argues that the source of [[anxiety]] is not always [[internal ]] to the [[subject]], but can often come from [[another]], just as it is transmitted from one [[animal ]] to another in a herd; "if anxiety is a [[signal]], it means it can come from another."<ref>{{S8}} p.427</ref>
This is why the [[analyst]] must not allow his own [[anxiety]] to interfere with the [[treatment]], a requirement which he is only able to meet because he maintains a [[desire]] of his own, the [[desire]] of the [[analyst]].<ref>{{S8}} p.430</ref>
==Truth==In the [[seminar]] of 1962-3, entitled simply '"[[Anxiety]]'", [[Lacan]] argues that [[anxiety]] is an [[affect]], not an [[affect|emotion]], and furthermore that it is the only [[affect]] which is beyond all [[doubt]], which is not [[truth|deceptive]].<ref>{{S11}} p.41</ref>
==''Objet (petit) a''==Whereas [[Freud]] distinguished between [[fear]] (which is focused on a specific object) and [[anxiety]] (which is not), [[Lacan]] now argues that [[anxiety ]] is not without an [[object]] (''n'est pas sans [[objet]]''); it simply involves a different kind of [[object]], an [[object]] which cannot be [[symbolise]]d in the same way as all other [[object]]s.
This [[object]] is ''[[objet petit a]]'', the [[object-cause of desire]], and [[anxiety]] appears when something appears in the [[place ]] of this [[object]].
[[Anxiety]] arises when the [[subject]] is confronted by the [[desire]] of the [[Other]] and does not know what [[object]] he is for that [[desire]].
==Lack==It is also in this [[seminar]] that [[Lacan]] links [[anxiety]] to the concept of [[lack]]. [[Anxiety]] arises when [[lack]] is itself [[lack]]ing. [[Anxiety]] is the [[lack]] of a [[lack]].
All [[Desiredesire]] arises from [[lack]], and [[anxiety]] arises when this [[lack]] is itself [[lack]]ing; [[anxiety]] is the [[lack]] of a [[lack]].
[[Anxiety]] is not the [[absence]] of the [[breast]], but its enveloping [[presence]]. ; it is the possibility of its [[absence]] which is, in fact, that which saves us from [[anxiety]].
[[Acting out]] and [[passage to the act]] are last [[defence]]s against [[anxiety]].
==Mirror Stage==
[[Anxiety]] is also linked to the [[mirror stage]].
Even in the usually comforting experience of [[seeing ]] one's [[reflection ]] in the [[mirror ]] there can occur a moment when the [[specular image ]] is modified and suddenly seems strange to us.
In this way, [[Lacan ]] links [[anxiety ]] to [[Freud]]'s concept of the ''[[uncanny]]''.<ref>Freud{{F}} "[[The Uncanny]]", 1919h. [[SE]] XIV, 161.</ref>
==''Jouissance''==Whereas the [[seminar]] of 1962-3 is largely concerned with [[Freud]]'s second theory of [[anxiety]] ([[anxiety ]] as signal[[sign]]al)), in the [[seminar]] of 1974-5 [[Lacan]] appears to [[return ]] to the first Freudian [[Freud]]ian theory of [[anxiety ]] ([[anxiety ]] as transformed [[libido]]).
Thus he comments that [[anxiety]] is that which [[exists ]] in the interior of the [[body]] when the [[body]] is overcome with [[phallus|phallic ]] ''[[jouissance]]''.<ref>Lacan{{L}} ''[[Seminar XXII|Le Séminaire. Livre XXII. RSI, 1974-5: seminar of 17 December 1974</ref><ref>anxiety 41]]'', published in ''[[Ornicar?]]'', nos. 2-5, 73 1975. [[Seminar XI]]of 17 December 1974</ref>
==See Also==
{{See}}
* [[Absence]]
* [[Castration]]
* [[Desire]]
||
* [[Fragmented body]]
* ''[[Jouissance]]''
* [[Lack]]
||
* [[Mirror stage]]
* [[Mother]]
* [[Other]]
||
* [[Neurosis]]
* [[Phobia]]
* [[Structure]]
{{Also}}
== References ==
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</div>[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
[[Category:Jacques Lacan]]
[[Category:TermsPractice]][[Category:Treatment]]
[[Category:Dictionary]]
[[Category:Concepts]]
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