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bar (barre) ==The Concept of the Sign==[[Image:SAUSSUREANALGORITHM.gif|thumb|150px|right|[[Saussurean algorithm|The Saussurean algorithm]]]]The term '"[[bar' ]]" first appears in [[Lacan]]'s [[work ]] in 1957, where itis introduced in the context of a [[discussion]] of [[Ferdinand de Saussure]]'s [[concept]] of the [[sign]].<ref>{{E}} p.149</ref>In this context, the [[bar]] is the line that separates the [[signifier]] from the [[signified]] (in the [[Saussurean algorithm]]), and stands for the [[resistance]] inherent in [[signification]] which is only crossed in [[metaphor]].

is introduced ==The Barred Subject==Not long after the 1957 paper in which the term first appears, in the context [[seminar]] of 1957-8, [[Lacan]] goes on to use the [[bar]] to strike through his [[algebraic]] [[symbol]]s '''S''' and '''A''' in a discussion manner reminiscent of Saussure[[Heidegger]]'s concept [[practice]] of crossing out the [[word]] "[[being]]."<ref>[[Heidegger|Heidegger, Martin]]. (1956) ''The Question of Being'', trans. William Kluback and Jean T. WIlde, [[London]]: [[Vision]], 1959.</ref>The [[bar]] is used to strike through the '''S''' to produce, [[Image:StrikeS.gif]], the "[[bar|barred subject']]." The [[bar]] here represents the [[division]] of the SIGN[[subject]] by [[language]], the [[split]]. Thus whereas before 1957 '''S''' designates the [[subject]] (e.g. in [[schema L]]), from 1957 on '''S''' designates the [[signifier]] and [[Image:StrikeS.gif]] designates the ([[divided]]) [[subject]].

(E, 149). In this context, the bar is the line that separates the signifier from the==The Barred Other== signified in the Saussurean algorithm (see Figure 18), and stands for the resistance inherent in signification which is only crossed in metaphor. Lacan takes pleasure in the fact that, in French, barre is an anagram of arbre (tree), since it is precisely with a tree that Saussure illustrates his own concept of the sign (E, 154).  Not long after the 1957 paper in which the term first appears, in the seminar of 1957-8, Lacan goes on to use the bar to strike through his algebraic symbols S and A in a manner reminiscent of Heidegger's practice of crossing out the word 'being' (see Heidegger, 1956). The [[bar ]] is also used to strike through the S to produce, S, the 'barred subject'. The bar here represents the division of the subject by language, the SPLIT. Thus whereas before 1957 S designates the subject (e.g. in schema L), from 1957 on S designates the signifier and S designates the (divided) subject. The bar is also used to strike through the 'A ''' (the [[big Other]]) to produce the algebraic [[algebra]]ic notation for the '"[[bar|barred Other]]," <strike>''', A '''</strike>.  However, [[Lacan ]] continues to use both signs [[sign]]s in his [[algebra ]] (e.g. in the [[graph of desire]]). The barred [[bar]]red [[Other ]] is the [[Other ]] insofar as it is [[castration|castrated]], [[lack|incomplete]], marked by a [[lack]], as opposed to the [[lack|complete]], [[fragmented body|consistent]], [[castration|uncastrated ]] [[Other]], an [[un-barred ]] '''A''', which does not [[existence|exist.  In 1973 the bar is used to strike through the definite article la whenever it precedes the noun femme (woman), as in Lacan's famous phrase kffemme  n existe pas ('woman does not exist'). The definite article in French indicates universality, and by crossing it out Lacan illustrates his thesis that femininity is resistant to all forms of generalisation (see S20, 68).  In addition to these functions, the bar can also be interpreted as the symbolic phallus (which itself is never barred), as the symbol of negation in the     formulae of sexuation (see SEXUAL DIFFERENCE), and as the trait unaire (see IDENTIFICATION)]].

[[Category:Psychoanalysis]][[Category:Jacques Lacan]][[Category:Linguistics]][[Category:Dictionary]][[Category:Symbolic]][[Category:Language]][[Category:Concepts]]

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