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==Sigmund Freud==
===Infantile TheorySexual Difference=== [[Freud]] first describes described the [[castration complex]] in 1908. The , arguing that the [[child]] -- on discovering the [[biology|anatomical]] [[sexual difference|difference between the sexes]] -- the [[presence]] or [[absenseabsence]] of the [[penis]] -- makes the assumption that this [[sexual difference|difference]] is due to the [[female]]'s [[penis]] having been cut off.<ref>{{F}} "[[Works of Sigmund Freud|On the Sexual Theories of Children]]". 1908. [[SE]] IX. p.207</ref> In his view, the [[castration complex]] is the [[moment ]] when one "[[castration complex|infantile theory]]" -- that every [[human]] [[being]] has a [[penis]] -- is replaced by a new one -- that [[female]]s have been [[castrated]]. The consequences of this new [[castration complex|infantile theory ]] are different in the [[boy]] and in the [[girl]]. The [[boy]] fears that his own [[penis]] will be cut off by the [[father]] ([[castration]] [[anxiety]]), while the [[girl]] sees herself as already castrated (by the [[mother]]) and attempts to deny this or to compensate for it by seeking a [[child]] as a [[substitute ]] for the [[penis]] . These [[unconscious]] representations, in [[phantasy]], cover over the lack at the heart of being in the Other and allow the subject to imagine (feel) as though they are special or fulfilled (not [[penis envylacking]]). Fear of [[psychic]] castration is thus met with a phantasy which positions the subject as not lacking which props up the ego as being of central importance.
===Phallic Phase===
The [[castration complex ]] affects both sexes [[sex]]es because its [[appearance ]] is closely linked with the [[castration complex|phallic phase]], a moment of psychosexual [[development|psychosexual development]] when the [[child]], whether [[boy ]] or [[girl]], [[knows ]] only one [[penis|genital organ ]] - the [[male ]] one. This [[phase ]] is also known as the [[castration complex|infantile genital organisation ]] because it is the first moment when the [[drive|partial drives drive]]s are [[unified ]] under the primacy of the [[genital ]] organs. It thus anticipates the [[genital|genital organisation ]] proper which arises at [[development|puberty]], when the [[subject ]] is aware of both the [[male ]] and the [[female ]] [[biology|sexual organsorgan]]s.<ref>{{F}} "[[Works of Sigmund Freud|The Infantile Genital Organization]]." 1923. [[SE ]] XIX. p.141</ref>
===Oedipus Complex===
[[Freud]] argued that the [[castration complex]] is closely linked to the [[Oedipus complex]], but that its [[role]] in the [[Oedipus complex]] is different for the [[boy]] and the [[girl]]. In the [[case]] of the [[boy]], the [[castration complex]] is the point of exit from the [[Oedipus complex]], its terminal crisis; because of his [[fear]] of [[castration]] -- often aroused by a [[fear|threat]] -- the [[boy]] renounces his [[desire]] for the [[mother]] and thus enters the [[development|latency period]]. In the case of the [[girl]], the [[castration complex]] is the point of entry into the [[Oedipus complex]]; it is her resentment of the [[mother]], whom she blames for depriving her of the [[penis]], that causes her to redirect her [[libido|libidinal]] [[desire]]s away from the [[mother]] and onto the [[father]]. Because of this [[sexual difference|difference]], in the case of the [[girl]] the [[Oedipus complex]] has no definitive terminal crisis comparable to the [[boy]]'s.<ref>{{F}} "[[Works of Sigmund Freud|The Dissolution of the Oedipus Complex]]," 1924. [[SE]] XIX p. 173</ref>
==Jacques Lacan==
<!-- ===Fantasy of the Mutilation of the Penis=== -->
<!-- [[Lacan]] -- who talks more often [[about]] "[[castration]]" than the "[[castration complex]]" -- does not discuss the [[castration complex]] very much in his early [[work]]. He dedicates a few paragraphs to it in his article on the [[family]], where he follows [[Freud]] in [[stating]] that [[castration]] is first and foremost a [[fantasy]] of the mutilation of the [[penis]]. [[Lacan]] [[links]] this [[fantasy]] with a [[whole]] series of [[fantasy|fantasies]] of [[bodily]] dismemberment which originate in the [[image]] of the [[fragmented body]]; this [[image]] is contemporary with the [[mirror stage]] (six to eighteen months), and it is only much later that these [[fantasy|fantasies]] of dismemberment coalesce around the specific [[fantasy]] of [[castration]].<ref>{{1938}} p. 44</ref> -->
== Lacan =Symbolic Lack of an Imaginary Object===It is not until the mid-1950s that the [[castration complex]] comes to play a prominent role in [[Lacan]]'s [[seminars|teaching]], who talks more often about 'primarily in [[the seminar of 1956-7]]. It is in this [[seminar]] that [[Lacan]] [[identifies]] [[castrationcomplex|castration]] as one of [[three]]forms of "[[lack|lack of object]' than ']", the [[others]] being [[frustration]] and [[privation]]. Unlike [[frustration]] -- which is an [[imaginary]] [[lack]] of a [[real]] [[object]] -- and [[privation]] -- which is a [[real]] [[lack]] of a [[symbolic]] [[object]], [[castration complex', |castration]] is defined by [[Lacan]] as a [[symbolic]] [[lack]] of an [[imaginary]] [[object]]; [[castration complex|castration]] does not discuss bear on the [[penis]] as a [[real]] [[biology|organ]], but on the [[imaginary]] [[phallus]].<ref>{{S4}} p. 219</ref> [[Lacan]]'s account of the [[castration complex very much in his early work. ]] is thus raised out of the [[dimension]] of simple [[biology]] or [[biology|anatomy]]:
[[Lacan]] [[divides]] the [[Oedipus complex]] into three "[[Oedipus complex|times]]".<ref>{{S5}}; [[Seminar]] of 22 January 1958</ref># In the first [[time]], the [[child ]] perceives that the [[mother]] desires [[desire]]s something beyond the [[child ]] himself - namely, the [[imaginary]] [[phallus]] -- and then tries to be the [[phallus ]] for the [[mother ]] (see [[preoedipal phase]]).# In the second time, the [[imaginary]] [[father]] intervenes to deprive the [[mother]] of her [[object]] by promulgating the [[incest taboo]]; properly [[speaking]], this is not [[castration complex|castration]] but [[privation]]. # [[castration complex|Castration]] is only realized in the [[third]] and final time, which represents the "[[dissolution]]" of the [[Oedipus complex]]. It is then that the [[real]] [[father]] intervenes by showing that he really possesses the [[phallus]], in such a way that the [[child]] is [[forced]] to abandon his attempts to be the [[phallus]].<ref>{{S4}} p. 208-9, 227</ref>
<!-- ===Two Operations=Lack==== -->From this account On a more fundamental level, the term [[castration complex|castration]] may also refer not to an "operation" -- the result of an [[intervention]] by the Oedipus complex[[imaginary]] or [[real]] [[father]] -- but to a [[state]] of [[lack]] which already [[exists]] in the [[mother]] prior to the [[subject]]'s [[birth]]. This [[lack]] is evident in her own [[desire]], it which the [[subject]] perceives as a [[desire]] for the [[imaginary]] [[phallus]]. That is clear , the [[subject]] realises at a very early [[stage]] that Lacan uses the term [[mother]] is not [[lack|complete]] and [[autonomy|self-sufficient]] in herself, nor fully [[satisfied]] with her [[child]] (the [[subject]] himself), but [[desire]]s something else. This is the [[subject]]'castration' to refer to two different operations:s first [[perception]] that the [[Other]] is not [[lack|complete]] but [[lack]]ing.
<!-- ==="Normalizing Effect"===Castration The [[castration complex]] presents the [[subject]] with a [[choice]]: to accept [[castration complex|castration]] or to deny it. [[Lacan]] argues that it is only by accepting (or "assuming") [[castration complex|castration]] that the [[subject]] can reach a degree of [[psyche|psychic]] [[perversion|normality]]. In other [[words]], the Motherassumption of [[castration complex|castration]] has a "[[normalizing effect]]". This [[normalising effect]] is to be [[understood]] in terms of both [[psychopathology]] ([[clinic]]al [[structure]]s and [[symptom]]s) and [[sexual identity]].-->===Clinical Structures===In It is the first time [[refusal]] of [[castration complex|castration]] that lies at the Oedipus root of all [[neurosis|psychopathological]] [[structure]]s. However, since it is [[impossible]] to accept [[castration complex|castration]] entirely, a completely "normal" [[position]] is never achieved. The closest to such a position is the mother is considered[[neurosis|neurotic]] [[structure]], but even here the [[subject]] still [[defends]] himself against the [[lack]] in the [[Other]] by both sexesrepressing [[awareness]] of [[castration complex|castration]]. This prevents the [[neurotic]] from fully assuming his [[desire]], as possessing since "it is the phallus, as assumption of castration that creates the phallic motherlack upon which desire is instituted."<ref>{{EEc}} p.282852</ref>
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====Perversion====
A more radical [[defense]] against [[castration complex|castration]] than [[repression]] is [[disavowal]], which is at the root of the [[perversion|perverse]] [[structure]].
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====Psychosis====
The [[psychotic]] takes the most extreme path of all; he completely repudiates [[castration complex|castration]], as if it had never existed.<ref>{{S1}} p. 53</ref> This repudiation of [[castration complex|symbolic castration]] leads to the return of [[castration complex|castration]] in the [[real]], such as in the form of [[hallucinations]] of [[fragmented body|dismemberment]] (as in the case of the [[Wolf Man]]) or even self-mutilation of the [[real]] [[genital|genital organ]]s.
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===Castration and Sexual Identity===
It is only by assuming [[castration complex|castration]] (in both senses) that the [[subject]] can take up a [[sexual difference|sexual position]] as a [[man]] or a [[woman]]. The different modalities of refusing [[castration complex|castration]] find expression in the various forms of [[perversion]].
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==See Also==
{{See}}
* [[Absence]]
* [[Biology]]
* [[Desire]]
* [[Development]]
||
* [[Drive]]
* [[Fantasy]]
* [[Father]]
* [[Frustration]]
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* [[Lack]]
* [[Mother]]
* [[Neurosis]]
* [[Oedipus complex]]
||
* [[Penis]]
* [[Perversion]]
* [[Phallus]]
* [[Privation]]||* [[Psychosis]]* [[Sexual difference]]* [[Structure]]* [[Treatment]]{{Also}}
==References==
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</div>[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
[[Category:Jacques Lacan]]
[[Category:TermsSexuality]][[Category:DictionaryDevelopment]]
[[Category:Treatment]]
[[Category:Practice]]
[[Category:Dictionary]]
[[Category:Concepts]]
[[Category:PsychoanalysisTerms]]{{OK}}