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==Sigmund Freud==
[[Freud]] has often been accused of a [[chance|crude determinism]], since no [[slip ]] or blunder, no matter how apparently insignificant, is ever ascribed to [[chance]].
Indeed, [[Freud]] wrote, "I believe in [[external ]] (real) chance, it is [[true]], but not in [[internal ]] ([[psychical]]) accidental events."<ref>{{F}} ''[[Works of Sigmund Freud|The Psychopathology of Everyday Life]]'', 1901. [[SE]] VI. p. 257</ref>
==Jacques Lacan==
[[Lacan]] expresses the same [[belief]] in his own [[terms]]: [[chance]], in the [[sense ]] of pure [[time|contingency]], only [[exists]] in the [[real]].
In the [[symbolic]] [[order]], there is no such [[thing ]] as pure [[chance]].
==''Automaton'' and ''Tyche''==
In the [[seminar ]] of 1964, [[Lacan]] uses [[Aristotle]]'s [[distinction ]] between two kinds of [[chance]] to illustrate this distinction between the [[real]] and the [[symbolic]].
In the second book of the ''[[Physics]]'', where the [[concept ]] of [[causality]] is discussed, [[Aristotle]] explores the [[role ]] of [[chance]] and [[chance|fortune]] in [[causality]].
He distinguishes between two types of [[chance]]:
* ''[[automaton]]'', which refers to chance events in the [[world ]] at large, and
* ''[[tyche]]'', which designates [[chance]] insofar as it affects agents who are capable of [[ethics|moral]] [[action]].
==Symbolic==
[[Lacan]] redefines ''[[automaton]]'' as "the network of [[signifiers]]", thus locating it in the [[symbolic order]].
The term thus comes to designate those phenomena which seem to be [[chance]] but which are in [[truth ]] the [[repetition|insistence]] of the [[signifier]] in determining the [[subject]].
''[[Automaton]]'' is not truly [[arbitrary]]: only the [[real]] is truly arbitrary, since "the real is beyond the ''automaton''."<ref>{{S11}} p. 59</ref>
==Real==
The [[real]] is aligned with ''[[tyche]]'', which [[Lacan]] redefines as "the [[encounter ]] with the real".
''[[Tyche]]'' thus refers to the incursion of the [[real]] into the [[symbolic]] [[order]]: unlike the ''[[automaton]]'', which is the [[structure]] of the [[symbolic order]] which determines the [[subject]], ''[[tyche]]'' is purely arbitrary, beyond the determinations of the [[symbolic]] [[order]].
