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The term "creativity" is not used by Sigmund [[Freud]] but the [[concept]] is [[Freudian]] if we [[understand]] it to mean the creative [[imagination]] embodied in [[fantasies]] or daydreams. These may or may not receive further elaboration and be transformed into a [[work]] of art, regardless of its specific [[nature]]. However, it is primarily Melanie [[Klein]] and Donald [[Winnicott]] who are [[responsible]] for establishing the concept as an [[active]] attitude of the ego with respect to its [[objects]]. As early as the Studies on [[Hysteria]] (1895d), Freud realized that the [[world]] of fantasy ([[Anna O]]'s private theater) can take the [[place]] of the [[real]] world, and this includes the researcher captivated by his [[subject]]. In discussing [[humor]] (1905c), Freud also emphasized the [[freedom]] of the intellect in the face of highly constrained situations. [[Literary]] creation (1908e [1907]) appeared to Freud as an extension of [[children]]'s daydreams, situations in which the fantasy is affirmed in the face of the [[empire]] of [[reality]], without, however, leading [[The Subject|the subject]] to misinterpret it as happens in delusional states. It is precisely this ability, whose origin remains mysterious, to turn fantasies into a reality inscribed in a work of art and therefore something that can be shared with [[others]], that constitutes creativity, regardless of the field of endeavor. Freud was especially interested in literary (Dostoyevsky, Hoffmann, Jensen) and artistic creation ([[Leonardo]] [[da Vinci]], [[Michelangelo]]). [[Melanie Klein]] (1929) had a very different outlook on creativity, which she saw as an impulse experienced by the [[infant]] to repair the [[object]] that had been initially [[split]] into [[good]] and bad and attacked during the [[paranoid]] [[phase]]. The creative function is therefore initially curative but goes hand in hand with the [[representation]] of a [[unified]] object. In this [[sense]] the creative function constitutes a reconstitution of the ego and the object, which having been simultaneously destroyed, subsist in an empty or mutilated [[state]]. [[Donald Winnicott]] (1971) gave the fullest extension to the concept of creativity by emphasizing its function as an attitude in the face of [[outside]] reality and not necessarily successful or recognized creative work. He contrasted creativity and submission to the outside world but, unlike Freud, emphasized the fact that fantasy [[life]] could diverge from the creative attitude. Fantasizing is not [[living]] but can, on the contrary, as Freud noted with respect to [[hysterics]], isolate the [[individual]] from life; it will never serve as an object of [[communication]]. For Winnicott, while creativity is related to dreaming and living, it is not really a part of our fantasy life. The [[experience]] of [[self]] can only be achieved through that [[physical]] and [[mental]] creative [[activity]] whose [[model]] is [[game]] playing. Creativity is not the creative capacity but something [[universal]], inherent in the very fact of living. In the [[case]] where the individual submits to outside reality to the point of losing himself in it ([[false]] self), his creativity [[disappears]] and remains hidden without however [[being]] destroyed. It is in this way deprived of contact with the experience of life. "The creative impulse," Winnicott writes, "is [[present]] as much in the [[moment]]-by-moment living of a backward [[child]] who is enjoying breathing as it is in the inspiration of an architect who suddenly [[knows]] what it is that he wishes to [[construct]]" (1982, p. 69). The concept of creativity is much closer to the question of activity than to the production of a work of art. This aspect is only sketched out by Freud but was theorized by Winnicott for whom the concept is associated with considerations of the ego and non-ego and the transitional [[space]] that serves as an "outlet" for primary [[narcissism]]. ==See Also==* [[Literary and artistic creation]]* [[Creative Writers and Day-dreaming]]* [[Fantasy]]* [[Heroic Identification]]* [[Repetition]]* [[Reverie]]* [[Hanns Sachs]]* [[Sublimation]] ==References==<references/>#redirect ——. (1908e [1907]). Creative writers and day-dreaming. SE, 9: 143-153.# Klein, Melanie. (1975). [[Infantile]] [[anxiety]] situations reflected in a work of art and in the creative impulse. In The Writings of Melanie Klein (Vol. 1). [[London]]: Hogarth. (Reprinted from International Journal of [[Psycho]]-[[Analysis]], 10, (1929) 436-443.)# Winnicott, Donald. (1982). Playing and reality. London:Routledge. [[Category:ArtNew]]
