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Cure
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Freud never concealed the pedagogic aspect of such a program. He insisted on several occasions that psychoanalysis was a kind of "after-education" (1916-17a, p. 451; 1940a, p. 175), even though he also maintained that the [[psychoanalyst]] must not fall into the [[role]] of an educator. Similarly, he often spoke out, [[right]] up to the end of his life, against the idea that a "schematic normality" could define the end of the treatment, adding that "The business of analysis is to secure the best possible [[psychological]] [[conditions]] for the functions of the ego; with that it has [[discharged]] its task" (1937a, p. 250).
A growing [[awareness]] of the [[death]] [[drive]] and the [[repetition]] [[compulsion]] led Freud to reconsider the secondary gain from [[illness]] as an obstacle to the cure and to reexamine the role of the "[[negative]] therapeutic reaction." The latter, which [[satisfies]] unconscious [[guilt]] [[feelings]] and the need for [[punishment]] in the neurotic (through [[masochism]]), represents one of the most important obstacles to the satisfactory [[progress]] of a [[Psychoanalytic Treatment|psychoanalytic treatment]].
Freud's continuing efforts to describe and analyze the negative therapeutic reaction shows that he persisted in [[looking]] for this, in the [[sense]] of "change," despite his later [[pessimistic]] remarks. Other [[analysts]] broadened the [[concept]] of cure, even if certain remarks by Jacques [[Lacan]] seemed to devalue it. On February 5, 1957, after a lecture by Georges Favez on "The [[Encounter]] with the [[Analyst]]," Lacan expressed with the utmost clarity an idea that has since been greatly distorted by both his adversaries and partisans. He began by arguing against the idea that "if the measure of a therapeutic analysis is defined by its achieving the aim of producing a cure, that would mean that a therapeutic analysis is always something rather limited. All the same," he went on, "cure always seems to be a happy side effect—as I have said, to the scandal of certain ears—but the aim of analysis is not cure. Freud said the same [[thing]] himself, namely, that making cure the aim of analysis—making it [[nothing]] more than a means towards a specific end—leads to something like a short circuit that could only falsify the analysis. Thus analysis has [[another]] aim" (1958, p. 309).
# ——. (1919g). Preface to Reik's [[ritual]]: psycho-analytic studies. SE, 17: 257-263.
# ——. (1923a). Two encyclopaedia articles. SE, 18: 235-259.
# ——. (1923d). [[The Ego and the Id|The ego and the id]]. SE, 19: 1-66.# ——. (1937c). [[Analysis Terminable and Interminable|Analysis terminable and interminable]]. SE, 23: 209-253.
# ——. (1940a). An [[outline]] of psycho-analysis. SE, 23: 139-207.
# Freud, Sigmund, et al. (1971a), James Jackson Putnam and psychoanalysis. Letters between Putnam and [[Sigmund Freud]], Ernest [[Jones]], William James, Sándor Ferenczi, and Morton Prince, 1877-1917 (NathanG. Hale, Ed.). Cambridge: Harvard [[University]] Press.
