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==Death Drive and Sigmund Freud ==[[Sigmund Freud|Freud]] introduced the [[concept]] of the [[death drive]] in ''[[Beyond the Pleasure Principle]]'' (1920).

The Here he established a fundamental opposition between [[death drive|life drive]] s (''[[French|Freros]]. ''), conceived of as a tendency towards [[cohesion]] and [[pulsion de mortunity]]'') is introduced by , and the [[Sigmund Freuddeath drive]] s, which operate in ''the opposite direction, [[Beyond the Pleasure Principleundoing]]'' (1920)connections and destroying things.

==Life The concept of the [[death drive]] was one of the most controversial [[:category:concepts|concepts]] introduced by [[Freud]], and Death==many of his disciples rejected it, but [[Freud]] continued to reaffirm the concept for the rest of his [[life]].

==Jacques Lacan=====Psychoanalysis===[[FreudLacan]] posits a basic opposition between the follows [[life driveFreud]] (''in reaffirming the concept of the [[Lebestriebedeath drive]]'' or ''as central to [[Erospsychoanalysis]]'') and : <blockquote>"To ignore the [[death driveinstinct]] ('in his [Freud'[[Todestriebes]]'' or ''[[Thanatosdoctrine]]'')is to misunderstand that doctrine entirely."<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref></blockquote>

The former is concerned with ===Nostalgia===In [[Lacan]]'s first remarks on the creation of [[cohesiondeath drive]], in 1938, he describes it as a [[nostalgia]] for a [[preoedipal|lost harmony]], a [[desire]] and to [[unityreturn]]; to the latter [[preoedipal|preoedipal fusion]] with the undoing [[mother]]'s [[breast]], the [[castration|loss]] of connections and which is marked on the [[psyche]] in the destruction of [[unitycomplex|weaning complex]].<ref>{{1938}} p. 35</ref>

==Freud's Death Drive=Narcissism===In 1946 he [[links]] the [[death drive]] to the [[narcissism|suicidal tendency]] of [[narcissism]].<ref>{{Ec}} p. 186</ref>.

According to By linking the [[Freuddeath drive]], with the [[death drivepreoedipal phase]] exhibits the and with [[regressivenarcissism]] tendency of all , these early remarks would [[livingplace]] the [[beingdeath drive]]s to return to an (earlier) inorganic state (or to recover a in what [[lostLacan]] later comes to call the [[objectimaginary order]]).

(Initially inward-directed===Symbolic Order===However, when [[Lacan]] begins to develop his concept of the [[death driveorder|three orders]] of [[imaginary]], [[symbolic]] first manifests its and [[existencereal]] , in the human tendency to self-destruction; as it subsequently turns to 1950s, he does not situate the outside world, it takes [[death drive]] in the form of [[aggressivity|aggressiveimaginary]] or destructive but in the [[behaviorsymbolic]].)

==Controversy=Repetition===In the [[seminar]] of 1954-5, for example, he argues that the [[death drive]] is simply the fundamental tendency of the [[symbolic order]] to produce [[repetition]]:

<blockquote>"The theory of the [[death drive|death instinct]] is grounded in only the descriptions mask of the [[compulsion to repeatsymbolic order]]."<ref>{{S2}} p. 326</ref></blockquote>

The concept of ===Biological Instincts===This shift also marks a [[difference]] with [[Freud]], for whom the [[death drive]] was one of the most controversial concepts introduced by Fclosely bound up with [[reudbiology]], and many representing the fundamental tendency of his disciples rejected it, but Freud continued every [[living]] [[thing]] to return to reaffirm the concept for the rest of his lifean inorganic [[state]].

The theory of By situating the [[death drive]] firmly in the [[symbolic]], [[Lacan]] articulates it with [[culture]] rather than [[nature]]; he states that the [[death drive]] remains controversial (even though Freud continues "is not a question of biology,"<ref>{{E}} p. 102</ref>, and must be distinguished from the [[biological]] [[instinct]] to return to uphold it in his very last writings)the inanimate.<ref>{{S7}} p.211-12</ref>

Freud===Sexual Drives===[[Another]] difference between [[Lacan]] describes 's concept of the [[death drive as 'silent]] and [[Freud]]'s emerges in 1964.

==Melanie Klein==Of [[Freud]] opposed the non-[[Lacaniandeath drive]] to the [[schoolssexual]] of [[psychoanalytic theorydrive]]s, only but now [[Kleinian psychoanalysisLacan]] takes argues that the concept seriously[[death drive]] is not a [[separate]] [[drive]], but is in fact an aspect of every [[drive]].

Many [[post-Freudian]] [[analysts]] dismiss the notion of a [[death drive]] as mere speculation by [[Freud]], but [[Klein]] adopts it whole-heartedly, regarding the tyranny of the early [[superego]] as it crushes the [[child]]'s [[ego]] as the first clinical manifestation of its [[power]]. ==Death Drive and Lacan==[[Jacques Lacan]] (following [[Freud]]) reaffirms the concept of the [[death drive]] as central to [[psychoanalysis]]. [[Lacan]] wrote: "to ignore the death instinct in his [Freud's] doctrine is to misunderstand that doctrine entirely."<refblockquote>{{E}} p.301</ref> "The [[Lacandistinction]] describes the [[death drive]] as a [[nostalgia]] for a [[lost harmony]], a [[desire]] to [[return]] to the [[preoedipal]] fusion with the [[mother]]'s [[breast]], the [[loss]] of which is marked on the [[psyche]] in the [[weaning complex]].<ref>Lacan, 1938: 35</ref> [[Lacan]] associates between the [[death drive]] with the [[suicide|suicidal tendency]] of [[narcissism]].<ref>{{Ec}} p.186</ref> [[Lacan]] does not situate the [[death life drive]] in the [[imaginary]] (despite its association with the [[preoedipal phase]] and [[narcissism]]), but rather in the [[symbolic]]. In the 1954-5 seminar, ''[[The Ego in Freud's Theory and in the Technique of Psychoanalysis]]'', [[Lacan]] states that the [[death drive]] is simply the fundamental tendency of the [[symbolic]] [[order]] to produce [[repetition]]. <blockquote>"The [[death]] [[instinct]] is only the mask of the - [[symbolic]] [[order]]."<ref>{{S2}} p.326</ref></blockquote> [[Lacan]] situates the [[death drivetrue]] in the [[symbolic]]. ==Death Drive and Biology== There are differences between [[Lacan]]'s concept as much as it manifests two aspects of the [[death drive]] and [[Freud]]'s. For [[Freud]], the [[death drive]] was closely bound up with [[biology]]. [[Lacan]] states that the [[death drive]] "is not a question of biology."<ref>{{ES11}} p.102257</ref>  [[Lacan]] articulates it with [[culture]] rather than [[nature]]. The [[death drive]] is not the [[biology|biological]] [[instinct]] to return to the inanimate.<ref>{S7}} p.211-12</ref> ==Death Drive and Drives== [[Freud]] opposed the [[death drive]] to the [[sexual]] [[drive]]s. [[Lacan]] rejects [[Freud]]'s thesis of a duality of [[life]] and [[death drive]]s. [[Lacan]] argues that the [[death drive]] is an aspect of every [[drive]]. [[Lacan]] argues that "every drive is virtually a death drive"<ref>{{Ec}} 844</refblockquote> because:

 # every [[drive]] is an attempt to go beyond the [[beyond the pleasure principle]], to the realm of [[excess ]] ''[[jouissance]] '' where [[enjoyment]] is experienced as [[sadism|suffering]]. The [[death drive]] strives to go beyond the [[pleasure principle]] and to attain the painful joys of [[jouissance]]<ref>{{Ec}} p.844</ref>

<ref>3, 1, 64-5, 94, 135 Conversations.</refdiv>

[[Category:TermsFreudian psychology]]

[[Category:Concepts]][[Category:Freudian psychologySymbolic]]