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{{Top}}[[pulsion]] de [[mort]]]]''
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|| [[German]]: ''[[Todestrieb{{Bottom}}
In his later wrirings ==Sigmund Freud==[[Sigmund Freud|Freud]] posits introduced the existence of two broad categories of [[life instinctconcept]]s (''[[Lebenstriebe]]'', also known as "[[Eros]]") and of the [[death instinctdrive]]s (in ''[[TodoestriebeBeyond the Pleasure Principle]]'', sometimes known as ("[[Thanatos]]"1920).
The former are concerned with the creation Here he established a fundamental opposition between [[death drive|life drive]]s (''[[eros]]''), conceived of as a tendency towards [[cohesion ]] and [[unity; ]], and the latter with [[death drive]]s, which operate in the opposite direction, [[undoing of ]] connections and the destruction of unitydestroying things.
The fusion concept of the two results in [[sadismdeath drive]] was one of the most controversial [[:category:concepts|concepts]] introduced by [[Freud]], and many of his disciples rejected it, but [[Freud]] continued to reaffirm the concept for the rest of his [[life]].
==Jacques Lacan==
===Psychoanalysis===
[[Lacan]] follows [[Freud]] in reaffirming the concept of the [[death drive]] as central to [[psychoanalysis]]:
<blockquote>"To ignore the [[death instinct]] in his [Freud's] [[doctrine]] is to misunderstand that doctrine entirely."<ref>{{E}} p. 301</ref></blockquote>
====Return=Nostalgia===In [[Lacan]]'s first remarks on the [[death drive]], in 1938, he describes it as a [[nostalgia]] for a [[preoedipal|lost harmony]], a [[desire]] to [[return]] to the [[preoedipal|preoedipal fusion]] with the [[mother]]'s [[breast]], the [[castration|loss]] of which is marked on the [[psyche]] in the [[complex|weaning complex]].<ref>{{1938}} p. 35</ref>
All ===Narcissism===In 1946 he [[links]] the [[death drive]]s are regressive in that they seek to return to an earlier state or to recover a lost the [[objectnarcissism|suicidal tendency]], and the of [[death drivenarcissism]] expresses the tendency, which is said to be found in all living beings, to annul all tension by reverting to an inorganic state.<ref>{{Ec}} p. 186</ref>.
Initially inward-directedBy linking the [[death drive]] with the [[preoedipal phase]] and with [[narcissism]], these early remarks would [[place]] the [[death drive]]s first manfiest their existence in the human tenency to self-destruction; as they subsequently turn what [[Lacan]] later comes to call the outside world, they take the form of aggressive or destructive behavior[[imaginary order]].
===Symbolic Order===
However, when [[Lacan]] begins to develop his concept of the [[order|three orders]] of [[imaginary]], [[symbolic]] and [[real]], in the 1950s, he does not situate the [[death drive]] in the [[imaginary]] but in the [[symbolic]].
===Repetition===In the [[seminar]] of 1954-5, for example, he argues that the [[death drive]] is simply the fundamental tendency of the [[symbolic order]] to produce [[repetition]]:
<blockquote>"The theory of the [[death drive |death instinct]] is, by Freud's own admission, speculative, and is groundedn in descriptions only the mask of the compulsion to repeat[[symbolic order]]."<ref>{{S2}} p.326</ref></blockquote>
The fact that ===Biological Instincts===This shift also marks a [[difference]] with [[Freud describes ]], for whom the [[death drive as "silent" makes it difficult ]] was closely bound up with [[biology]], representing the fundamental tendency of every [[living]] [[thing]] to supply concrete clinical evidence for its existence and the notion remains contrversial, even though Freud continues return to uphold it in his very last writingsan inorganic [[state]].
Many post-Freudian analysts mismis By situating the [[death drive]] firmly in the [[symbolic]], [[Lacan]] articulates it with [[culture]] rather than [[nature]]; he states that the notion of a [[death drive as mere speculation on freud's part]] "is not a question of biology,"<ref>{{E}} p.102</ref>, and must be distinguished from the [[biological]] [[instinct]] to return to the inanimate.<ref>{{S7}} p. 211-12</ref>
lacan tends t reject freud===Sexual Drives===[[Another]] difference between [[Lacan]]'s thesis concept of a duality of life and death drives, arugin tthat the [[death drive is an aspect or component of all drives]] and [[Freud]]'s emerges in 1964.
[[Freud]] opposed the [[death drive strives, in lacna']] to the [[sexual]] [[drive]]s view, to go beyondd but now [[Lacan]] argues that the pp and to attain the painful joys ofo jouissance==Beyond the Pleasure Principle==[[death drive]] is not a [[separate]] [[drive]], but is in fact an aspect of every [[drive]].
In ''<blockquote>"The [[Beyond distinction]] between the Pleasure Principle[[death drive|life drive]]'' (1920), and the [[Sigmund Freuddeath drive]] is - [[true]] introduces the concept in as much as it manifests two aspects of the [[death drive]]."<ref>{{S11}} p. 257</ref></blockquote>
Hence [[Lacan]] writes that "every [[drive]] is virtually a [[death drive]]" because:
# every [[drive]] pursues its own extinction,
# every [[drive]] involves the [[subject]] in [[repetition]], and
# every [[drive]] is an attempt to go beyond the [[pleasure principle]], to the realm of [[excess]] ''[[jouissance]]'' where [[enjoyment]] is experienced as [[sadism|suffering]].<ref>{{Ec}} p. 844</ref>
==See Also==
{{See}}
* [[Biology]]
* [[Death]]
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* [[Drive]]
* [[Imaginary]]
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* [[Instinct]]
* ''[[Jouissance]]''
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* [[Kleinian psychoanalysis]]
* [[Narcissism]]
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* [[Nature]]
* [[Pleasure principle]]
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* [[Repetition]]
* [[Symbolic]]
{{Also}}
The concept of the ==References==<div style="font-size:11px" class="references-small"><references/></div> [[death driveCategory:Freudian psychology]] was first articulated by [[Sigmund FreudCategory:Psychoanalysis]] in ''[[Beyond the Pleasure PrincipleCategory:Symbolic]]'' (1920).[[Category:Real]][[Category:Subject]][[Category:Jacques Lacan]][[Category:Dictionary]][[Category:Concepts]][[Category:Terms]] __NOTOC__
