[[Image:Kida_d.gif|right|frame|[[Kid A In Alphabet Land]]]]
{{Top}}[[pulsion]] de [[mort]]]]''
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|| [[German]]: ''[[Todestrieb{{Bottom}}
==Sigmund Freud==
[[Sigmund Freud|Freud]] introduced the [[concept]] of the [[death drive]] in ''[[Beyond the Pleasure Principle]]'' (1920).
Here he established a fundamental opposition between [[death drive |life drive]]s (pulsion de mort''[[eros]]'') Although intimations , conceived of as a tendency towards [[cohesion]] and [[unity]], and the concept of[[death drive]]s, which operate in the opposite direction, [[undoing]] connections and destroying things.
The concept of the [[death drive (Todestrieb) can be found early on in ]] was one of the most controversial [[:category:concepts|concepts]] introduced by [[Freud's work]], and many of his disciples rejected it was only, but [[Freud]] continued to reaffirm the concept for the rest of his [[life]].
==Jacques Lacan=====Psychoanalysis===[[Lacan]] follows [[Freud]] in Beyond reaffirming the Pleasure Principle (1920g) concept of the [[death drive]] as central to [[psychoanalysis]]: <blockquote>"To ignore the [[death instinct]] in his [Freud's] [[doctrine]] is to misunderstand that the concept was fully articu-doctrine entirely."<ref>{{E}} p. 301</ref></blockquote>
lated. ===Nostalgia===In this work Freud established [[Lacan]]'s first remarks on the [[death drive]], in 1938, he describes it as a fundamental opposition between life[[nostalgia]] for a [[preoedipal|lost harmony]], a [[desire]] to [[return]] to the [[preoedipal|preoedipal fusion]] with the [[mother]]'s [[breast]], the [[castration|loss]] of which is marked on the [[psyche]] in the [[complex|weaning complex]].<ref>{{1938}} p. 35</ref>
drives (eros), conceived ===Narcissism===In 1946 he [[links]] the [[death drive]] to the [[narcissism|suicidal tendency]] of as a tendency towards cohesion and unity, and the[[narcissism]].<ref>{{Ec}} p. 186</ref>.
By linking the [[death drivesdrive]] with the [[preoedipal phase]] and with [[narcissism]], which operate these early remarks would [[place]] the [[death drive]] in what [[Lacan]] later comes to call the opposite direction, undoing connections and[[imaginary order]].
destroying things. ===Symbolic Order===However, when [[Lacan]] begins to develop his concept of the life drives [[order|three orders]] of [[imaginary]], [[symbolic]] and [[real]], in the 1950s, he does not situate the [[death drives are neverdrive]] in the [[imaginary]] but in the [[symbolic]].
found in a pure state===Repetition===In the [[seminar]] of 1954-5, but always mixed/fused together in differing proportions.for example, he argues that the [[death drive]] is simply the fundamental tendency of the [[symbolic order]] to produce [[repetition]]:
Indeed, Freud argued that were it not for this fusion with erotism, <blockquote>"The [[death drive|death instinct]] is only the mask of the death[[symbolic order]]."<ref>{{S2}} p. 326</ref></blockquote>
===Biological Instincts===This shift also marks a [[difference]] with [[Freud]], for whom the [[death drive would elude our perception, since in itself it is silent (Freud]] was closely bound up with [[biology]], 193÷arepresenting the fundamental tendency of every [[living]] [[thing]] to return to an inorganic [[state]].
By situating the [[death drive]] firmly in the [[symbolic]], [[Lacan]] articulates it with [[culture]] rather than [[nature]]; he states that the [[death drive]] "is not a question of biology,"<ref>{{E}} p. 102</ref>, and must be distinguished from the [[biological]] [[instinct]] to return to the inanimate.<ref>{{S7}} p. 211-12</ref>
===Sexual Drives===
[[Another]] difference between [[Lacan]]'s concept of the [[death drive]] and [[Freud]]'s emerges in 1964.
The concept of [[Freud]] opposed the [[death drive]] to the [[sexual]] [[drive]]s, but now [[Lacan]] argues that the [[death drive was one ]] is not a [[separate]] [[drive]], but is in fact an aspect of the most controversial conceptsevery [[drive]].
introduced by Freud, <blockquote>"The [[distinction]] between the [[death drive|life drive]] and many the [[death drive]] is - [[true]] in as much as it manifests two aspects of his disciples rejected it (regarding it as merethe [[drive]]."<ref>{{S11}} p. 257</ref></blockquote>
poetry or as Hence [[Lacan]] writes that "every [[drive]] is virtually a [[death drive]]" because:# every [[drive]] pursues its own extinction, # every [[drive]] involves the [[subject]] in [[repetition]], and # every [[drive]] is an unjustifiable incursion into metaphysics)attempt to go beyond the [[pleasure principle]], but Freud continuedto the realm of [[excess]] ''[[jouissance]]'' where [[enjoyment]] is experienced as [[sadism|suffering]].<ref>{{Ec}} p. 844</ref>
to reaffirm the concept for the rest of his life. Of the non-Lacanian schools of==See Also=={{See}}* [[Biology]]* [[Death]]||* [[Drive]]* [[Imaginary]]||* [[Instinct]]* ''[[Jouissance]]''||* [[Kleinian psychoanalysis]]* [[Narcissism]]||* [[Nature]]* [[Pleasure principle]]||* [[Repetition]]* [[Symbolic]]{{Also}}
psychoanalytic theory, only Kleinian psychoanalysis takes the concept==References==<div style="font-size:11px" class="references-small"><references/></div>
seriously.[[Category:Freudian psychology]][[Category:Psychoanalysis]][[Category:Symbolic]][[Category:Real]][[Category:Subject]][[Category:Jacques Lacan]][[Category:Dictionary]][[Category:Concepts]][[Category:Terms]]
Lacan follows Freud in reaffirming the concept of the death drive as central to psychoanalysis: 'to ignore the death instinct in his [Freud's] doctrine is to misunderstand that doctrine entirely' (E, 301). In Lacan's first remarks on the death drive, in 1938, he describes it as a nostalgia for a lost harmony, a desire to return to the preoedipal fusion with the mother's breast, the loss of which is marked on the psyche in the weaning complex (Lacan, 1938: 35). In 1946 he links the death drive to the suicidal tendency of narcissism (Ec, 186). By linking the death drive with the pre- oedipal phase and with narcissism, these early remarks would place the death drive in what Lacan later comes to call the imaginary order. However, when Lacan begins to develop his concept of the three orders of imaginary, symbolic and real, in the 1950s, he does not situate the death drive in the imaginary but in the symbolic. In the seminar of 1954-5, for example, he argues that the death drive is simply the fundamental tendency of the symbolic order to produce REPETITION; 'The death instinct is only the mask of the symbolic order' (S2, 326). This shift also marks a difference with Freud, for whom the death drive was closely bound up with biology, representing the fundamental tendency of every living thing to return to an inorganic state. By situating the death drive firmly in the symbolic, Lacan articulates it with culture rather than nature; he states that the death drive 'is not a question of bjology' (E, 102), and must be distinguished from the biological instinct to return to the inanimate (S7, 211-12). Another difference between Lacan's concept of the death drive and Freud's emerges in 1964. Freud opposed the death drive to the sexual drives, but now Lacan argues that the death drive is not a separate drive, but is in fact an aspect - of every DRIVE. 'The distinction between the life drive and the death drive is - true in as much as it manifests two aspects of the drive' (gl 20). Hence Lacan writes that 'every drive is virtually a death drive' (Ec, 844); because (i) every drive pursues its own extinction, (ii) every drive involves the subject in repetition, and (iii) every drive is an attempt to go beyond the pleasure principle, to the realm of exceSS JOUISSANCE where enjoyment is experienced as suffering. == ''Pulsion de mort'' ==In ''Beyond the Pleasure Principle'' (1920) Freud established a fundamental opposited between life and drives (eros), conceived of as a tendency towards cohesion and unity, and the death drives, which operate in the opposite direction, undoing connections and destroying things. However the life drives and the death drives are never found in a pure state, but always mixed/fused together in differing proportions. Indeed, Freud argued that were it not for this fusuion with rotism, the death drive would elude our perception, since in itself it is silent.<ref>Freud 1930a: Se XXI, 120</ref> The concept of the death drive was one of the most controversial concepts introduced by Freud, and many of his disciplies rejected it, but Freud continued to reaffirm the concept for the rest of his life. Lacan follows Freud in reaffirming the concept of the death drive as central to psychoanalysis. "To ignore the death instinct in his [Freud's] doctrine is to misunderstand that doctrine entirely.'<ref> e 310</ref> In Lacan's first remarks on the death drive, in 1938, he describes it as a nostalgia for a lost harmony, a desire to return to the preoedipal fusion with the mother's breast, the loss of which is marked on the psyche in the weaning complex. In 1946 he links the death drive to the suicidal tendency of narcissism. However when Lacan begins to develop his concept of the three orders, in the 1950s, he does not situate the death drive in the imaginary but in the symbolic.He argues that th death drive is simply the fundamental tendency of the symbolic order to produce [[repetition]]. "the death instinct is only the mask of the symbolic order."<ref>s2 326</ref> This shift also marks a difference with Freud, for whom the death drive was closely bound up with biiology, representing the fundamental tendency of every living thing to return to an inorganic state. by situating the death drive firmly in the symbolic Lacan articulates it with cultural rather than nature; he states that the death drive "is not a question of biology," and must be distinguished from the biological instinct to return to the inanimate.<ref>E 102; s7 211-12</ref> Another difference between Lacan's concept of the death drive and Freud's emerges in 1964. Freud opposed the death drive to the sexual drives, but now Lacan argues that the death drive is not a separate drive, but is in fact an aspect of every drive.Hence Lacan writes that "every drive is virutally a death drive" because every drive pursures its own extinction, involves the subject in repetition, and constitutes an attempt to go beyond the pleasure principle, to the realm of excss ''jouissance'' where enjoyment is experienced as suffering.__NOTOC__
