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==Death Drive and Sigmund Freud ==[[Sigmund Freud|Freud]] articulated introduced the [[concept ]] of the [[death drive]] (Fr. ''pulsion de mort'') in ''[[Beyond the Pleasure Principle]]''. <ref>1920g</ref> In this work he asserts a fundamental opposition between [[life drives]] ([[eros]]1920) - associated with [[cohesion]] and [[unity]] - and the [[death drives]] - associated with [[destruction]] and [[fragmentation]].<ref>Freud 1930a: Se XXI, 120</ref>

Here he established a fundamental opposition between [[death drive|life drive]]s (The concept ''[[eros]]''), conceived of as a tendency towards [[cohesion]] and [[unity]], and the [[death drive was one of ]]s, which operate in the most controversial concepts introduced by Freudopposite direction, [[undoing]] connections and many of his disciples rejected it, but Freud continued to reaffirm the concept for the rest of his lifedestroying things. Of the non-Lacanian schools of psychoanalytic theory, only Kleinian psychoanalysis takes the concept seriously.)

==Death Drive and Lacan==The concept of the [[Jacques Lacandeath drive]] (following Freud) reaffirms the concept was one of the most controversial [[death drive:category:concepts|concepts]] introduced by [[Freud]] as central to , and many of his disciples rejected it, but [[psychoanalysisFreud]]. He wrote: "continued to ignore reaffirm the concept for the death instinct in rest of his [Freud's[life]] doctrine is to misunderstand that doctrine entirely."<ref>E, 301</ref>

In 1938, ==Jacques Lacan describes the =====Psychoanalysis===[[death driveLacan]] as a follows [[nostalgiaFreud]] for a in reaffirming the concept of the [[lost harmony]], a [[desiredeath drive]] as central to [[returnpsychoanalysis]] to : <blockquote>"To ignore the [[preoedipaldeath instinct]] fusion with the in his [[mother]]Freud's [[breast]], the [[lossdoctrine]] of which is marked on the [[psyche]] in the [[weaning complex]]to misunderstand that doctrine entirely."<ref>Lacan, 1938: 35{{E}} p. 301</ref></blockquote>

===Nostalgia===In 1946, [[Lacan associates ]]'s first remarks on the [[death drive]], in 1938, he describes it as a [[nostalgia]] for a [[preoedipal|lost harmony]], a [[desire]] to [[return]] to the [[preoedipal|preoedipal fusion]] with the [[suicidemother]]'s [[breast]], the [[castration|suicidal tendencyloss]] of which is marked on the [[psyche]] in the [[narcissismcomplex|weaning complex]].<ref>Ec, 186{{1938}} p. 35</ref>

===Narcissism===In the 1950s, Lacan does not situate the 1946 he [[death drivelinks]] in the [[imaginarydeath drive]] (despite its association with to the [[preoedipal phasenarcissism|suicidal tendency]] and of [[narcissism]]), but rather in the [[symbolic]].<ref>{{Ec}} p. 186</ref>.

In By linking the [[death drive]] with the 1954-5 seminar, ''[[The Ego in Freud's Theory preoedipal phase]] and in the Technique of Psychoanalysiswith [[narcissism]]'', Lacan states that the these early remarks would [[death driveplace]] is simply the fundamental tendency of the [[symbolicdeath drive]] in what [[orderLacan]] later comes to produce call the [[repetitionimaginary order]]."The death instinct is only the mask of the symbolic order."<ref>S2, 326</ref>

==Death Drive and Biology=Symbolic Order===For FreudHowever, when [[Lacan]] begins to develop his concept of the [[death driveorder|three orders]] of [[imaginary]] was closely bound up with , [[biologysymbolic]] and [[real]], representing the fundamental tendency of every living thing to return to an inorganic state.By situating the death drive firmly in the symbolic1950s, Lacan articulates it with culture rather than nature; he states that does not situate the [[death drive "is not a question of bjolog,"<ref>E, 102</ref> and must be distinguished from ]] in the biological instinct to return to [[imaginary]] but in the inanimate[[symbolic]].<ref>S7, 211-12</ref>

==Death Drive =Repetition===In the [[seminar]] of 1954-5, for example, he argues that the [[death drive]] is simply the fundamental tendency of the [[symbolic order]] to produce [[repetition]]: <blockquote>"The [[death drive|death instinct]] is only the mask of the [[symbolic order]]."<ref>{{S2}} p. 326</ref></blockquote> ===Biological Instincts===This shift also marks a [[difference]] with [[Freud]], for whom the [[death drive]] was closely bound up with [[biology]], representing the fundamental tendency of every [[living]] [[thing]] to return to an inorganic [[state]].  By situating the [[death drive]] firmly in the [[symbolic]], [[Lacan]] articulates it with [[culture]] rather than [[nature]]; he states that the [[death drive]] "is not a question of biology,"<ref>{{E}} p. 102</ref>, and must be distinguished from the [[biological]] [[instinct]] to return to the inanimate.<ref>{{S7}} p. 211-12</ref> ===Sexual Drives===[[Another ]] difference between [[Lacan]]'s concept of the [[death drive ]] and [[Freud]]'s emerges in 1964.  [[Freud ]] opposed the [[death drive ]] to the [[sexual drives]] [[drive]]s, but now[[Lacan ]] argues that the [[death drive ]] is not a [[separate ]] [[drive]], but is in fact an aspect - of every DRIVE[[drive]].  <blockquote>"The [[distinction ]] between the [[death drive|life drive ]] and the [[death drive ]] is - [[true ]] in as much as it manifests two aspects of the [[drive]]."<ref>gl 20{{S11}} p. 257</ref></blockquote> Hence [[Lacan ]] writes that "every [[drive ]] is virtually a [[death drive;]]"<ref>Ec, 844</ref> because:# every [[drive ]] pursues its own extinction, # every [[drive ]] involves the [[subject ]] in [[repetition]], and # every [[drive ]] is an attempt to go beyond the [[beyond the pleasure principle]], to the realm of [[excess ]] ''[[jouissance]] '' where [[enjoyment ]] is experienced as [[sadism|suffering]].<ref>{{Ec}} p.844</ref>

3, 1, 64-5, 94, 135 Conversations. [[Category:TermsFreudian psychology]]