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In his later writings ==Sigmund Freud==[[Sigmund Freud|Freud]] posits introduced the existence [[concept]] of two broad categories of life instincts (''Lebestriebe'', also known as ''Eros'') and the [[death instincts ('drive]] in 'Todestriebe'', sometimes known as '[[ThanatosBeyond the Pleasure Principle]]'' (1920).The former are cconcerned with the creation of cohesion and unity; the latter with the undoing of connections and the destruction of unity.

All drives are regressive in that they seek to return to an earlier state or to recover Here he established a fundamental opposition between [[death drive|life drive]]s (''[[eros]]''), conceived of as a lost tendency towards [[cohesion]] and [[objectunity]], and the [[death drive expresses the tendency]]s, which is said to be found in all living beings, to annul all tension by reverting to an inorganic state.Initially inward-directed, the death drive first manifests its existence operate in the human tendency to self-destruction; as it subsequently turns to the outside worldopposite direction, it takes the form of aggressive or destructive behavior[[undoing]] connections and destroying things.

The theory of the death drive is, by Freud's own admission, speculative, and is grounded in the ddescriptions concept of the [[compulsion to repeat]].The fact that Freucd describes the death drive as 'silent' makes it difficult to supply concrete clinical evidence for its existence and the notion remains controversal, even though Freud continues to uphold it in his very last writings.Many post-Freudian analysts dismiss the notion of a death drive as mere speculation on Freud's part, but Klein adopts it whole-heartedly, regarding the tyranny of the early [[superego]] as it crushes was one of the young child's most controversial [[ego:category:concepts|concepts]] as the first clinical manifestation of its power.introduced by [[LacanFreud]] tends to reject Freud's thesis of a duality of life , and death drives, arguing that the death drive is an aspect or component many of all drives.The death drive striveshis disciples rejected it, in Lacan's view, to go beyond the but [[pleasure principleFreud]] and continued to attain reaffirm the concept for the painful joys rest of his [[jouissancelife]].

==Death Drive and Freud =Narcissism===The [[death drive]] (French: ''[[pulsion de mort]]'') is first elaborated by In 1946 he [[Sigmund Freudlinks]] in ''[[Beyond the Pleasure Principle]]'' (1920).Here [[Freud]] introduces an opposition between the [[life death drive]] (''eros'') - associated with [[cohesion]] and [[unity]] - and to the [[death drive]] - associated with [[destructionnarcissism|suicidal tendency]] and of [[fragmentationnarcissism]].<ref>Freud 1930a: Se XXI, 120{{Ec}} p. 186</ref>.

(The concept of By linking the [[death drive was one of ]] with the most controversial concepts introduced by Freud, [[preoedipal phase]] and many of his disciples rejected itwith [[narcissism]], but Freud continued these early remarks would [[place]] the [[death drive]] in what [[Lacan]] later comes to reaffirm the concept for the rest of his life. Of the non-Lacanian schools of psychoanalytic theory, only Kleinian psychoanalysis takes call the concept seriously[[imaginary order]].)

==Death Drive and Lacan=Symbolic Order===However, when [[Jacques Lacan]] (following Freud) reaffirms the begins to develop his concept of the [[death driveorder|three orders]] of [[imaginary]] as central to , [[psychoanalysissymbolic]]. and [[Lacanreal]] wrote: "to ignore , in the 1950s, he does not situate the [[death instinct drive]] in his the [[imaginary]] but in the [[Freud'ssymbolic]] doctrine is to misunderstand that doctrine entirely."<ref>E, 301</ref>

===Repetition===In 1938, [[Lacan]] describes the [[death drive]] as a [[nostalgiaseminar]] of 1954-5, for a [[lost harmony]]example, a [[desire]] to [[return]] to he argues that the [[preoedipaldeath drive]] fusion with the [[mother]]'s [[breast]], is simply the [[loss]] fundamental tendency of which is marked on the [[psychesymbolic order]] in the to produce [[weaning complexrepetition]].<ref>Lacan, 1938: 35</ref>

In 1946, [[Lacan]] associates the <blockquote>"The [[death drive|death instinct]] with is only the [[suicide|suicidal tendency]] mask of the [[narcissismsymbolic order]]."<ref>Ec, 186{{S2}} p. 326</ref></blockquote>

In the 1950s, ===Biological Instincts===This shift also marks a [[difference]] with [[LacanFreud]] does not situate , for whom the [[death drive]] in the was closely bound up with [[imaginarybiology]] (despite its association with , representing the fundamental tendency of every [[preoedipal phaseliving]] and [[narcissismthing]]), but rather in the to return to an inorganic [[symbolicstate]].

In By situating the 1954-5 seminar, ''[[The Ego in Freud's Theory and death drive]] firmly in the Technique of Psychoanalysis[[symbolic]]'', [[Lacan ]] articulates it with [[culture]] rather than [[nature]]; he states that the [[death drive]] "is simply the fundamental tendency not a question of biology,"<ref>{{E}} p. 102</ref>, and must be distinguished from the [[symbolicbiological]] [[orderinstinct]] to produce [[repetition]]."The death instinct is only the mask of return to the symbolic orderinanimate."<ref>S2, 326{{S7}} p. 211-12</ref>

==Death Drive and Biology=Sexual Drives===For Freud, the [[death driveAnother]] was closely bound up with difference between [[biologyLacan]], representing the fundamental tendency 's concept of every living thing to return to an inorganic state.By situating the [[death drive firmly ]] and [[Freud]]'s emerges in the symbolic, Lacan articulates it with culture rather than nature; he states that the death drive "is not a question of bjolog,"<ref>E, 102</ref> and must be distinguished from the biological instinct to return to the inanimate1964.<ref>S7, 211-12</ref>

==Death Drive and Drives==Another difference between Lacan's concept of the death drive and Freud's emerges in 1964. [[Freud ]] opposed the [[death drive ]] to the [[sexual drives]] [[drive]]s, but now[[Lacan ]] argues that the [[death drive ]] is not a [[separate ]] [[drive]], but is in fact an aspect - of every DRIVE. "The distinction between the life drive and the death drive is - true in as much as it manifests two aspects of the drive."<ref>gl 20</ref>Hence Lacan writes that "every drive is virtually a death drive;"<ref>Ec, 844</ref> because# every drive pursues its own extinction, # every drive involves the subject in repetition, and # every drive is an attempt to go [[beyond the pleasure principle]], to the realm of [[excess jouissancedrive]] where enjoyment is experienced as suffering.

==Look Up==<blockquote>"The [[distinction]] between the [[death drive|life drive]] and the [[death drive]] is - [[true]] in as much as it manifests two aspects of the [[drive]]."<ref>{{S11}} p. 257</ref>3</blockquote> Hence [[Lacan]] writes that "every [[drive]] is virtually a [[death drive]]" because:# every [[drive]] pursues its own extinction, 1# every [[drive]] involves the [[subject]] in [[repetition]], 64-5and # every [[drive]] is an attempt to go beyond the [[pleasure principle]], 94, 135 Conversationsto the realm of [[excess]] ''[[jouissance]]'' where [[enjoyment]] is experienced as [[sadism|suffering]].<ref>{{Ec}} p.844</ref>

[[Category:TermsFreudian psychology]]

[[Category:Concepts]][[Category:Freudian psychologySymbolic]]