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==Death Drive and Sigmund Freud ==The [[death driveSigmund Freud|Freud]] (French: ''introduced the [[pulsion de mortconcept]]'') is first elaborated by of the [[Sigmund Freuddeath drive]] in ''[[Beyond the Pleasure Principle]]'' (1920).

===Life and Death===[[Freud]] posits Here he established a basic fundamental opposition between the [[death drive|life drive]] s (''[[Lebestriebeeros]]'' or ''), conceived of as a tendency towards [[Eroscohesion]]'') and the [[death driveunity]] ('', and the [[Todestriebedeath drive]]'' or ''s, which operate in the opposite direction, [[Thanatosundoing]]'')connections and destroying things.

The former is concerned with concept of the creation [[death drive]] was one of cohesion the most controversial [[:category:concepts|concepts]] introduced by [[Freud]], and unity; the latter with many of his disciples rejected it, but [[Freud]] continued to reaffirm the undoing of connections and concept for the destruction rest of unityhis [[life]].

==Jacques Lacan=Freud's Death Drive====Psychoanalysis===According to [[Lacan]] follows [[Freud]], in reaffirming the concept of the [[death drive]] exhibits as central to [[psychoanalysis]]: <blockquote>"To ignore the tendency of all living beings [[death instinct]] in his [Freud's] [[doctrine]] is to return to an inorganic statemisunderstand that doctrine entirely."<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref></blockquote>

All drives are regressive ===Nostalgia===In [[Lacan]]'s first remarks on the [[death drive]], in that they seek 1938, he describes it as a [[nostalgia]] for a [[preoedipal|lost harmony]], a [[desire]] to [[return ]] to an earlier state or to recover a lost the [[preoedipal|preoedipal fusion]] with the [[mother]]'s [[breast]], the [[castration|loss]] of which is marked on the [[psyche]] in the [[objectcomplex|weaning complex]].<ref>{{1938}} p. 35</ref>

Initially inward-directed, the ===Narcissism===In 1946 he [[death drivelinks]] first manifests its the [[existencedeath drive]] in the human tendency to self-destruction; as it subsequently turns to the outside world, it takes the form of [[aggressivitynarcissism|aggressivesuicidal tendency]] or destructive of [[behaviornarcissism]].<ref>{{Ec}} p. 186</ref>.

===Controversy===The theory of By linking the [[death drive is]] with the [[preoedipal phase]] and with [[narcissism]], by Freud's own admission, speculative, and is grounded these early remarks would [[place]] the [[death drive]] in the ddescriptions of what [[Lacan]] later comes to call the [[compulsion to repeatimaginary order]].

The fact that Freucd describes ===Symbolic Order===However, when [[Lacan]] begins to develop his concept of the [[order|three orders]] of [[imaginary]], [[symbolic]] and [[real]], in the 1950s, he does not situate the [[death drive as 'silent' makes it difficult to supply concrete clinical evidence for its existence and ]] in the notion remains controversal, even though Freud continues to uphold it [[imaginary]] but in his very last writingsthe [[symbolic]].

Many post===Repetition===In the [[seminar]] of 1954-Freudian analysts dismiss 5, for example, he argues that the notion of a [[death drive as mere speculation on Freud's part, but Klein adopts it whole-heartedly, regarding ]] is simply the tyranny fundamental tendency of the early [[superegosymbolic order]] as it crushes the young child's to produce [[egorepetition]] as the first clinical manifestation of its power.:

(<blockquote>"The concept of the [[death drive was one of |death instinct]] is only the most controversial concepts introduced by Freud, and many mask of his disciples rejected it, but Freud continued to reaffirm the concept for the rest of his life[[symbolic order]]. Of the non-Lacanian schools of psychoanalytic theory, only Kleinian psychoanalysis takes the concept seriously"<ref>{{S2}} p.)326</ref></blockquote>

==Death Drive and Lacan=Biological Instincts===This shift also marks a [[Jacques Lacandifference]] (following with [[Freud) reaffirms the concept of ]], for whom the [[death drive]] as central to was closely bound up with [[biology]], representing the fundamental tendency of every [[psychoanalysisliving]]. [[Lacanthing]] wrote: "to ignore the death instinct in his return to an inorganic [[Freud'sstate]] doctrine is to misunderstand that doctrine entirely."<ref>E, 301</ref>

In 1938, [[Lacan]] describes By situating the [[death drive]] as a firmly in the [[nostalgia]] for a [[lost harmonysymbolic]], a [[desireLacan]] to articulates it with [[returnculture]] to the rather than [[preoedipalnature]] fusion with ; he states that the [[mother]]'s [[breastdeath drive]]"is not a question of biology,"<ref>{{E}} p. 102</ref>, and must be distinguished from the [[lossbiological]] of which is marked on the [[psycheinstinct]] in to return to the [[weaning complex]]inanimate.<ref>Lacan, 1938: 35{{S7}} p. 211-12</ref>

In 1946, ===Sexual Drives===[[LacanAnother]] associates the difference between [[death driveLacan]] with 's concept of the [[suicide|suicidal tendencydeath drive]] of and [[narcissismFreud]]'s emerges in 1964.<ref>{{Ec}} p.186</ref>

In the 1950s, [[LacanFreud]] does not situate opposed the [[death drive]] in to the [[imaginarysexual]] [[drive]] (despite its association with s, but now [[Lacan]] argues that the [[preoedipal phasedeath drive]] and is not a [[narcissismseparate]] [[drive]]), but rather is in the fact an aspect of every [[symbolicdrive]].

In the 1954-5 seminar, ''[[<blockquote>"The Ego in Freud's Theory and in the Technique of Psychoanalysis]]'', [[Lacandistinction]] states that between the [[death drive|life drive]] is simply the fundamental tendency of and the [[symbolicdeath drive]] is - [[ordertrue]] to produce in as much as it manifests two aspects of the [[repetitiondrive]]."<ref>{{S11}} p. 257</ref></blockquote>

"The death instinct is only the mask of the symbolic order."<ref>{{S2}} p.326</ref> ==Death Drive and Biology==For [[Freud]], the [[death drive]] was closely bound up with [[biology]]. Hence [[Lacan]] situates the [[death drive]] in the [[symbolic]]. [[Lacan]] articulates it with culture rather than nature. [[Lacan]] states writes that the death drive "is not a question of biology."<ref>{{E}} p.102</ref>  The every [[death drive]] is not the [[biology|biological]] [[instinct]] to return to the inanimate.<ref>{S7}} p.211-12</ref> ==Death Drive and Drives==Another difference between [[Lacan]]'s concept of the [[death drive]] and [[Freud]]'s emerges in 1964. [[Freud]] opposed the [[death drive]] to the [[sexual]] [[drive]]s. [[Lacan]] rejects [[Freud]]'s thesis of virtually a duality of [[life]] and [[death drive]]s. [[Lacan]] argues that the [[death drive]] is an aspect of every [[drive]]. The [[death drive]] is an aspect of every [[drive]].  "The distinction between the life drive and the death drive is - true in as much as it manifests two aspects of the drive."<ref>gl 20</ref> [[Lacan]] writes that "every drive is virtually a death drive;"<ref>Ec, 844</ref> because:

# every [[drive]] involves the [[subject ]] in [[repetition]], and # every [[drive]] is an attempt to go beyond the [[beyond the pleasure principle]], to the realm of [[excess jouissance]] where enjoyment is experienced as suffering.  The ''[[death drive]] strives, in [[Lacanjouissance]]'s view, to go beyond the ' where [[pleasure principleenjoyment]] and to attain the painful joys of is experienced as [[jouissancesadism|suffering]].<ref>{{Ec}} p. 844</ref>

<ref>3, 1, 64-5, 94, 135 Conversations.</refdiv>

[[Category:TermsFreudian psychology]]

[[Category:Concepts]][[Category:Freudian psychologySymbolic]]