Changes

==Death Drive Here he established a fundamental opposition between [[death drive|life drive]]s (''[[eros]]''), conceived of as a tendency towards [[cohesion]] and Freud ==[[unity]], and the [[death drive]]s, which operate in the opposite direction, [[undoing]] connections and destroying things.

The concept of the [[death drive]] (was one of the most controversial [[French:category:concepts|concepts]]: ''introduced by [[pulsion de mortFreud]]'') is introduced by , and many of his disciples rejected it, but [[Sigmund Freud]] in ''continued to reaffirm the concept for the rest of his [[Beyond the Pleasure Principlelife]]'' (1920).

==Jacques Lacan=Life and Death====Psychoanalysis===[[Lacan]] follows [[Freud]] in reaffirming the concept of the [[death drive]] as central to [[psychoanalysis]]: <blockquote>"To ignore the [[death instinct]] in his [Freud's] [[doctrine]] is to misunderstand that doctrine entirely."<ref>{{E}} p. 301</ref></blockquote>

===Nostalgia===In [[FreudLacan]] posits 's first remarks on the [[death drive]], in 1938, he describes it as a [[nostalgia]] for a [[preoedipal|lost harmony]], a basic opposition between [[desire]] to [[return]] to the [[life drivepreoedipal|preoedipal fusion]] (''with the [[Lebestriebemother]]'' or ''s [[Erosbreast]]'') and , the [[death drivecastration|loss]] (''of which is marked on the [[Todestriebepsyche]]'' or ''in the [[Thanatoscomplex|weaning complex]]'').<ref>{{1938}} p. 35</ref>

The former is concerned with ===Narcissism===In 1946 he [[links]] the creation of [[cohesiondeath drive]] and to the [[unitynarcissism|suicidal tendency]]; the latter with the undoing of connections and the destruction of [[unitynarcissism]].<ref>{{Ec}} p. 186</ref>.

According ===Symbolic Order===However, when [[Lacan]] begins to develop his concept of the [[Freudorder|three orders]], the of [[death driveimaginary]] exhibits the , [[regressivesymbolic]] tendency of all and [[livingreal]] , in the 1950s, he does not situate the [[beingdeath drive]]s to return to an (earlier) inorganic state (or to recover a in the [[lostimaginary]] but in the [[objectsymbolic]]).

(Initially inward===Repetition===In the [[seminar]] of 1954-directed5, for example, he argues that the [[death drive]] first manifests its [[existence]] in is simply the human fundamental tendency to self-destruction; as it subsequently turns to of the outside world, it takes the form of [[aggressivity|aggressivesymbolic order]] or destructive to produce [[behaviorrepetition]].):

The theory of ===Biological Instincts===This shift also marks a [[difference]] with [[Freud]], for whom the [[death drive]] is grounded in was closely bound up with [[biology]], representing the descriptions fundamental tendency of the every [[living]] [[compulsion thing]] to repeatreturn to an inorganic [[state]].

The concept of By situating the [[death drive]] was one of firmly in the most controversial concepts introduced by F[[reudsymbolic]], and many [[Lacan]] articulates it with [[culture]] rather than [[nature]]; he states that the [[death drive]] "is not a question of his disciples rejected itbiology,"<ref>{{E}} p. 102</ref>, but Freud continued and must be distinguished from the [[biological]] [[instinct]] to return to reaffirm the concept for the rest of his lifeinanimate.<ref>{{S7}} p. 211-12</ref>

The theory ===Sexual Drives===[[Another]] difference between [[Lacan]]'s concept of the [[death drive]] remains controversial (even though and [[Freud continues to uphold it ]]'s emerges in his very last writings)1964.

[[Freud] describes ] opposed the [[death drive]] to the [[sexual]] [[drive]]s, but now [[Lacan]] argues that the [[death drive as 'silent']] is not a [[separate]] [[drive]], but is in fact an aspect of every [[drive]].

==Melanie Klein==Of the non-[[Lacanian]] [[schools]] of [[psychoanalytic theory]], only [[Kleinian psychoanalysis]] takes the concept seriously. Many [[post-Freudian]] [[analysts]] dismiss the notion of a [[death drive]] as mere speculation by [[Freud]], but [[Klein]] adopts it whole-heartedly, regarding the tyranny of the early [[superego]] as it crushes the [[child]]'s [[ego]] as the first clinical manifestation of its [[power]]. ==Death Drive and Lacan==[[Jacques Lacan]] (following [[Freud]]) reaffirms the concept of the [[death drive]] as central to [[psychoanalysis]]. [[Lacan]] wrote: "to ignore the death instinct in his [Freud's] doctrine is to misunderstand that doctrine entirely."<refblockquote>{{E}} p.301</ref> "The [[Lacandistinction]] describes the [[death drive]] as a [[nostalgia]] for a [[lost harmony]], a [[desire]] to [[return]] to the [[preoedipal]] fusion with the [[mother]]'s [[breast]], the [[loss]] of which is marked on the [[psyche]] in the [[weaning complex]].<ref>Lacan, 1938: 35</ref> [[Lacan]] associates between the [[death drive]] with the [[suicide|suicidal tendency]] of [[narcissism]].<ref>{{Ec}} p.186</ref> [[Lacan]] does not situate the [[death life drive]] in the [[imaginary]] (despite its association with the [[preoedipal phase]] and [[narcissism]]), but rather in the [[symbolic]]. In the 1954-5 seminar, ''[[The Ego in Freud's Theory and in the Technique of Psychoanalysis]]'', [[Lacan]] states that the [[death drive]] is simply the fundamental tendency of the [[symbolic]] [[order]] to produce [[repetition]]. <blockquote>"The [[death]] [[instinct]] is only the mask of the [[symbolic]] [[order]]."<ref>{{S2}} p.326</ref></blockquote> - [[Lacan]] situates the [[death drivetrue]] in the [[symbolic]]. ==Death Drive and Biology== There are differences between [[Lacan]]'s concept as much as it manifests two aspects of the [[death drive]] and [[Freud]]'s. For [[Freud]], the [[death drive]] was closely bound up with [[biology]]. [[Lacan]] states that the [[death drive]] "is not a question of biology."<ref>{{E}} p.102</ref>  [[Lacan]] articulates it with [[culture]] rather than [[nature]]. The [[death drive]] is not the [[biology|biological]] [[instinct]] to return to the inanimate.<ref>{S7S11}} p.211-12257</ref> ==Death Drive and Drives== [[Freud]] opposed the [[death drive]] to the [[sexual]] [[drive]]s. [[Lacan]] rejects [[Freud]]'s thesis of a duality of [[life]] and [[death drive]]s. [[Lacan]] argues that the [[death drive]] is an aspect of every [[drive]]. [[Lacan]] argues that "every drive is virtually a death drive"<ref>{{Ec}} 844</refblockquote> because:

 # every [[drive]] is an attempt to go beyond the [[beyond the pleasure principle]], to the realm of [[excess ]] ''[[jouissance]] '' where [[enjoyment]] is experienced as [[sadism|suffering]]. The [[death drive]] strives to go beyond the [[pleasure principle]] and to attain the painful joys of [[jouissance]]<ref>{{Ec}} p.844</ref>

<ref>3, 1, 64-5, 94, 135 Conversations.</refdiv>

[[Category:TermsFreudian psychology]]

[[Category:Concepts]][[Category:Freudian psychologySymbolic]]