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The ==Sigmund Freud==[[death driveSigmund Freud|Freud]] (introduced the [[Fr.concept]]: ''of the [[pulsion de mort]]'') is introduced by [[Sigmund Freuddeath drive]] in ''[[Beyond the Pleasure Principle]]'' (1920).

===Life Here he established a fundamental opposition between [[death drive|life drive]]s (''[[eros]]''), conceived of as a tendency towards [[cohesion]] and Death===[[unity]], and the [[death drive]]s, which operate in the opposite direction, [[undoing]] connections and destroying things.

[[Freud]] posits a basic opposition between The concept of the [[life death drive]] (''was one of the most controversial [[Lebestriebe:category:concepts|concepts]]'' or ''introduced by [[ErosFreud]]'') , and the many of his disciples rejected it, but [[death driveFreud]] (''continued to reaffirm the concept for the rest of his [[Todestriebe]]'' or ''[[Thanatoslife]]'').

The former is concerned with ==Jacques Lacan=====Psychoanalysis===[[Lacan]] follows [[Freud]] in reaffirming the creation concept of the [[cohesiondeath drive]] and as central to [[unitypsychoanalysis]]; : <blockquote>"To ignore the latter with the undoing of connections and the destruction of [[unitydeath instinct]] in his [Freud's] [[doctrine]]is to misunderstand that doctrine entirely."<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref></blockquote>

===Freud's Death DriveNostalgia===In [[Lacan]]'s first remarks on the [[death drive]], in 1938, he describes it as a [[nostalgia]] for a [[preoedipal|lost harmony]], a [[desire]] to [[return]] to the [[preoedipal|preoedipal fusion]] with the [[mother]]'s [[breast]], the [[castration|loss]] of which is marked on the [[psyche]] in the [[complex|weaning complex]].<ref>{{1938}} p. 35</ref>

According to ===Narcissism===In 1946 he [[Freudlinks]], the [[death drive]] exhibits to the [[regressivenarcissism|suicidal tendency]] tendency of all [[living]] [[being]]s to return to an (earlier) inorganic state (or to recover a [[lost]] [[objectnarcissism]]).<ref>{{Ec}} p. 186</ref>.

(Initially inward-directed, By linking the [[death drive]] first manifests its with the [[preoedipal phase]] and with [[existencenarcissism]] in the human tendency to self-destruction; as it subsequently turns to the outside world, it takes these early remarks would [[place]] the form of [[aggressivity|aggressivedeath drive]] in what [[Lacan]] or destructive later comes to call the [[behaviorimaginary order]].)

===ControversySymbolic Order===However, when [[Lacan]] begins to develop his concept of the [[order|three orders]] of [[imaginary]], [[symbolic]] and [[real]], in the 1950s, he does not situate the [[death drive]] in the [[imaginary]] but in the [[symbolic]].

The theory ===Repetition===In the [[seminar]] of 1954-5, for example, he argues that the [[death drive]] is grounded in simply the descriptions fundamental tendency of the [[compulsion symbolic order]] to repeatproduce [[repetition]].:

<blockquote>"The concept of the [[death drive|death instinct]] was one is only the mask of the most controversial concepts introduced by F[[reudsymbolic order]], and many of his disciples rejected it, but Freud continued to reaffirm the concept for the rest of his life. "<ref>{{S2}} p. 326</ref></blockquote>

The theory of ===Biological Instincts===This shift also marks a [[difference]] with [[Freud]], for whom the [[death drive]] remains controversial (even though Freud continues was closely bound up with [[biology]], representing the fundamental tendency of every [[living]] [[thing]] to return to uphold it in his very last writings)an inorganic [[state]].

FreudBy situating the [[death drive]] describes firmly in the [[symbolic]], [[Lacan]] articulates it with [[culture]] rather than [[nature]]; he states that the [[death drive as 'silent']] "is not a question of biology,"<ref>{{E}} p. 102</ref>, and must be distinguished from the [[biological]] [[instinct]] to return to the inanimate.<ref>{{S7}} p. 211-12</ref>

==Melanie Klein=Sexual Drives===Of the non-[[LacanianAnother]] difference between [[schoolsLacan]] 's concept of the [[psychoanalytic theorydeath drive]], only and [[Kleinian psychoanalysisFreud]] takes the concept seriously's emerges in 1964.

Many [[post-FreudianFreud]] opposed the [[analystsdeath drive]] dismiss to the notion of a [[death drivesexual]] as mere speculation by [[Freuddrive]]s, but now [[KleinLacan]] adopts it whole-heartedly, regarding the tyranny of argues that the early [[superegodeath drive]] as it crushes the is not a [[childseparate]]'s [[egodrive]] as the first clinical manifestation , but is in fact an aspect of its every [[powerdrive]].

==Death Drive and Lacan==[[Jacques Lacan]] (following [[Freud]]) reaffirms the concept of the [[death drive]] as central to [[psychoanalysis]]. [[Lacan]] wrote: "to ignore the death instinct in his [Freud's] doctrine is to misunderstand that doctrine entirely."<refblockquote>{{E}} p.301</ref> "The [[Lacandistinction]] describes between the [[death drive]] as a [[nostalgia]] for a [[lost harmony]], a [[desire]] to [[return]] to the [[preoedipal]] fusion with the [[mother]]'s [[breast]], the [[loss]] of which is marked on the [[psyche]] in the [[weaning complex]].<ref>Lacan, 1938: 35</ref> [[Lacan]] associates the [[death drive]] with the [[suicide|suicidal tendency]] of [[narcissism]].<ref>{{Ec}} p.186</ref> [[Lacan]] does not situate the [[death life drive]] in the [[imaginary]] (despite its association with the [[preoedipal phase]] and [[narcissism]]), but rather in the [[symbolic]]. In the 1954-5 seminar, ''[[The Ego in Freud's Theory and in the Technique of Psychoanalysis]]'', [[Lacan]] states that the [[death drive]] is simply the fundamental tendency of the [[symbolic]] [[order]] to produce - [[repetition]]. <blockquote>"The [[death]] [[instinct]] is only the mask of the [[symbolic]] [[order]]."<ref>{{S2}} p.326</ref></blockquote> [[Lacan]] situates the [[death drivetrue]] in the [[symbolic]]. ==Death Drive and Biology== There are differences between [[Lacan]]'s concept as much as it manifests two aspects of the [[death drive]] and [[Freud]]'s. For [[Freud]], the [[death drive]] was closely bound up with [[biology]]. [[Lacan]] states that the [[death drive]] "is not a question of biology."<ref>{{E}} p.102</ref>  [[Lacan]] articulates it with [[culture]] rather than [[nature]]. The [[death drive]] is not the [[biology|biological]] [[instinct]] to return to the inanimate.<ref>{S7S11}} p.211-12257</ref> ==Death Drive and Drives== [[Freud]] opposed the [[death drive]] to the [[sexual]] [[drive]]s. [[Lacan]] rejects [[Freud]]'s thesis of a duality of [[life]] and [[death drive]]s. [[Lacan]] argues that the [[death drive]] is an aspect of every [[drive]]. [[Lacan]] argues that "every drive is virtually a death drive"<ref>{{Ec}} 844</refblockquote> because:

 # every [[drive]] is an attempt to go beyond the [[beyond the pleasure principle]], to the realm of [[excess ]] ''[[jouissance]] '' where [[enjoyment]] is experienced as [[sadism|suffering]]. The [[death drive]] strives to go beyond the [[pleasure principle]] and to attain the painful joys of [[jouissance]]<ref>{{Ec}} p.844</ref>

<ref>3, 1, 64-5, 94, 135 Conversations.</refdiv>

[[Category:TermsFreudian psychology]]

[[Category:Concepts]][[Category:Freudian psychologySymbolic]]